ISSN:1370-4788    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8292.1996.tb01906.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1370-4788    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8292.1996.tb01907.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1370-4788    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8292.1996.tb01908.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

RESUME**:Face à laprimauté de la politique de la concurrence dans la construction européenne la prise en compte du service d'intérět économique général peut ětre un élément utile de rééquilibrage. L'auteur propose dans ce but une nouvelle approche. Celle‐ci trouverait sa base dans une modification du traité dont les termes possibles sont discutés. Elle devrait se traduire concrètement par la mise en oeuvre de quatre orientations: le développement et l'interopérabilité des grands réseaux d'infrastructure; la qualité et l'accessibilité du service public, qui ne se réduit pas au “service universel”; un meilleur usage de la concurrence et l'amélioration de l'efficacité de l'actionpublique.* Comme le rappelait récemment son président, Fritz Gautier, le CIRIEC n'est pas un groupe de pression mais une institution scientifique de réflexion et d'étude. Cela n'interdit pas à ses membres d'avoir une opinion sur l'évolution souhaitable des politiques dans les domaines qu'ils étudient.C'est une telle opinion qui est exprimée ci‐dessous. Elle n'engage que son auteur, qui l'a présentée le 21 mai 1996 au 21ème congrès international du CIRIEC à Lisbonne. Elle s'appuie sur une expérience acquise en qualité de fonctionnaire de l'Etat français, de président de grandes entreprises publiques françaises et de président du Centr

ISSN:1370-4788    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8292.1996.tb01909.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT**:The UK utilities have all had a change of ownership over the last decade and a half. Does it really change things and, if so, in what ways? In fact, very little research has been carried out on this much copied experiment and evidence on efficiency gains is not that strong. But two main things have emerged. First, regulation and competition are the key drivers of change. It may well be that privatization was needed in the UK to allow these things to happen. It does not follow, however, that in other industries, or other countries, change is dependent on privatization. Second, different groups gain and lose (in absolute and relative terms) from privatization. In the UK, shareholders and large consumers have gained far more than small consumers, ex‐employees and the tax payer. In particular, the fact that low‐income consumers have done less well than the generality of consumers raises important issues for social cohesion and for pol

ISSN:1370-4788    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8292.1996.tb01910.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT*:This paper examines the privatization experiences in Austria. Nationalized industries historically played a great role in Austria. Mainly for budgetary reasons a far reaching privatization was rapidly effected, the state holding company acting as the privatization agency. In privatization decisions not only micro‐economic but also macro‐economic and structural aspects had been considered, such as the impact on national research and development, employment perspectives and market structures, all this being of special relevance for privatization projects in small countries. From the point of view of both the privatized enterprises and the economy as a whole, privatization in Austria has been successful. Privatizations also had a strong impact on Austrian capital markets: 90 per cent of privatizations were carried out on the stock exchange. In 1995 30 per cent of the turnover of the Vienna stock exchange was accounted for by shares of private enterpri

ISSN:1370-4788    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8292.1996.tb01911.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT**:The analysis of the experience of privatization in Eastern Germany shows that the boundaries between the private and public sectors will become increasingly blurred, with the public sector becoming more like the private sector. One may also expect that employment will fall and productivity greatly increase. The legislature's urge to regulate everything will ultimately subside but the public sector will continue to be of vital importance for the economy as a whole. A modernized public sector will be able to deploy its services to make an important contribution to economic growth and employment.

ISSN:1370-4788    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8292.1996.tb01912.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT*:Slovenia has not avoided disputes over privatization: two major concepts competed. The controversies between them resulted in a compromise, and the Law on the Transformation of Social Ownership encompassed features of both: decentralization and a gradual approach from one, and predominantly distributive privatization by ownership certificates to all citizens from the other. Insiders (workers and managers) retained majority ownership of most privatized companies by bringing their certificates to their ‘own’ company. Slovenia has thus encouraged a continuation of self‐management. Ownership by insiders has advantages over transfer of ownership rights to formally private institutions established by the state. Actual development confirms that a normal macroeconomic framework, hardening of the soft‐budget constraint, independence of companies, and managers’ loyalty matter more than formal prope

ISSN:1370-4788    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8292.1996.tb01913.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT*:This article emphasizes that the cooperative form of organization has an important role to play in developing the institutional variety in the market economy. Cooperatives are important tools for counteracting monopolies and monopsonies. Cooperatives may be analysed in terms of network organizations that enable weaker actors in the market to develop businesses that are beneficial both for themselves as users as well as for the larger national society. The development of new cooperatives is highly dependent on existing social networks in the local environment. Actors trying to promote the establishment of new cooperatives therefore have better chances of success if existing social networks are used as bases for the development of member‐owned businesse

ISSN:1370-4788    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8292.1996.tb01914.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

RESUME*:Selon l'auteur, le mouvement coopératif du Québec s'est développé en trois grandes étapes:—1900–1920;‐1940–1960;‐1975–1985, sous l'impulsion de leaders proches des besoins populaires. Prětres, intellectuels, membres de professions libérales, leaders syndicaux et communautaires liés par le nationalistie québécois, vont permettre au mouvement coopératif de se donner un enracinement populaire exceptionnel et des résultats écon

ISSN:1370-4788    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-8292.1996.tb01915.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY