摘要:

AbstractLaboratory experiments have shown the feasibility of drying milling wheat from 17.0 to 14.5% moisture content using hot sand. The amount of moisture removed increased with the increase in residence time from 1 to 2 min but decreased when the residence time was increased to 3 min. Heated sand to wheat mass ratios ranging between 3:1 and 5:1 were found to be effective in removing moisture from wheat with sand temperatures ranging from 90 to 105°C

ISSN:0022-5142    

DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2740340802

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe nutrients and the total carotenoids of samples ofClitoria rernateaL. hay harvested at four different stages of growth were analysed. Yields were also estimated. The results were: protein (N × 6.25), 23–19%; crude fibre, 29–38%; ether extract, 4.4–3.4%; Ash, 9–7%; neutral detergent fibre (NDF), 42–54%; acid detergent fibre (ADF), 38–47%; permanganate lignin, 14–16%; cellulose, 21–29%. Moreover, after being stored for 6 months, the samples have a carotenoids content of 587–400 mg kg−1. All data refer to DM content. First year results reveal that the forage plant can give high annual yields of hay, (18–29 t ha−1) with good palatability, readily accepted by cattle. In certain warm areas with low rainfall it could replace lucerne (

ISSN:0022-5142    

DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2740340803

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe proximate analysis of different types of rice bran (raw, parboiled, stabilised and deoiled) showed wide differences in the oil, fibre, ash and available carbohydrate contents. Free fatty acids in the fat extracted from the raw, parboiled and stabilised rice brans were 500.6, 277.8 and 163.1 g kg−1respectively. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids constituted about 94.5% of the total fatty acids in oils extracted from those rice bran types.In chick growth trials, the average metabolisable energy of raw, parboiled, stabilised and deoiled rice brans was found to be 12.34, 11.67, 12.11 and 9.08 MJ kg−1DM, respectively. The bodyweight gain of broiler chicks over a period of 6 weeks was depressed by 183, 79, 49 and 200 g when the level of the respective brans was raised from 200 to 400 g kg−1in the diet. However, the food and protein conversions were significantly depressed at both levels of rice bran in the

ISSN:0022-5142    

DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2740340804

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMaize silage which was freeze‐ or oven‐dried had 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8% or 0 and 8% by weight of pure maize starch added, respectively. The samples were analysed for invitro DOMD content at three different laboratories. There were significant differences (P<0.01) between laboratories and method of sample drying. Higher values were recorded for the freeze‐dried material. Nevertheless similar samples were generally ranked in the same order at different laboratories. The increase in in‐vitro DOMD values with increasing starch suggests that the technique is able to distinguish between maize silages of varying grain contents. Samples were also analysed for MAD fibre and and their ME content estimated from it and also by the gas production method now widely used in Germany. The gas production method produced higher ME values and these were closer to the results obtained from in‐vi

ISSN:0022-5142    

DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2740340805

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDamage to fruit buds by bullfinches (Pyrrhula pyrrhulaL.) is a serious problem to the fruit‐growing industry in the UK. The nutrient composition of two varieties of pear buds, ‘Conference’ and ‘Doyenne du Comice’ has been determined at intervals between mid‐February and April 1981, the time of maximum bird damage. Bullfinches preferentially take buds from Conference pear trees while Doyenne du Comice is a less favoured variety. The chemical differences between these two varieties have been shown to be slight with reference to the total nitrogen, free amino acid, protein hydrolysate amino acid, glyceride glycerol, glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, phosphorus and cation contents. Thus the basis of the birds' preference may lie in the individual components of the groups of nutrients studied, secondary metabolites and/or the physical/developmental differences between bu

ISSN:0022-5142    

DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2740340806

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNitrous oxide fluxes from soil surfaces were measured during winter 1981/82 on two fallow sites, a loamy sand and a clay loam, that had been watered to field capacity and fertilised at the rate of 200 kg N ha−1on the 5 October 1981. Highest fluxes were obtained in the sampling period immediately after fertiliser application. They were in the range 3.5–20 g N2ON ha−1day−1on the loamy sand, and declined rapidly from a peak of almost 165 g N2ON ha−1day−1on the day following fertiliser application on the clay loam. The temperature during this period was in the range 6.5 to 14°C. As soil temperature declined during the sampling periods in December (−2 to 3°C) and February (4.5 to 6.5°C) and nitrate was leached in the subsoil, N2O evolution became very low (<1 g N2ON ha−1day−1). Rainfall over the whole sampling period from early October to mid‐February was 282 mm. On both sites there was a very high degree of variability within th

ISSN:0022-5142    

DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2740340807

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHerbage from two contiguous areas of an S.24 perennial ryegrass sward treated with differing levels of fertiliser N (LN and HN) was used to make direct cut (D) and wilted (W) formic acid silages designated LND, LNW, HND and HNW. The major nitrogenous constituents of the herbages and silages were studied and the digestibilities of the silages determinedin vivousing cross‐bred wethers. A 96 h wilt under poor drying conditions achieved DM of 26.3% (LNW) and 25.2% (HNW). Wilting had the effect of markedly increasing NPN to reach 37.4% TN (LNW) and 40.4% TN (HNW) after 96 h and there were concomitant increases in herbage free amino‐N, amide‐N and ammonia‐N. However, nitrate‐N decreased significantly during the wilting period and it was assumed that aerobic microbes were active on the crop. The ensiled herbages were well preserved, highest pH value being 4.01 (HNW) and, although NPN levels in wilted silage were significantly higher than unwilted, these did not exceed 50% TN. Changes noted in the free amino compounds included the accumulation of amides during wilting and their removal during ensilage, the accumulation of proline during wilting and the removal of arginine and accumulation of ornithine during the ensilage of wilted herbage. Nitrate also decreased markedly during the ensilage of wilted herbage, LNW and HNW herbages losing 58% and 57% of their nitrate‐N respectively. Ammonia‐N levels in LNW and HNW silages were considerably higher than in LND and HND treatments and this was tentatively linked with increased reduction of nitrate and deamination of amide and arginine during the ensilage of wilted herbages.Nitrogen digestibility coefficients were, respectively 0.672 (LND). 0.643 (LNW), 0.677 (HND) and 0.645 (HNW) and organic matter digestibility coefficients 0.698 (LNW), 0.652 (LNW), 0.666 (HND) and 0.634 (HNW). The differences in nitrogen digestibility between wilted and direct cut silages did not attain statistical significance. It was concluded that a substantial reduction in organic matter digestibility coupled with an increase in the relative proportion of low molecular weight nitrogenous compounds present were the principal effects of extended moist wilting in th

ISSN:0022-5142    

DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2740340808

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLeaf protein concentrates (LPC) were prepared from ryegrass (Lolium perenne), white clover (Trifolium repens), lucerne (Medicago sativacv. Wairau), and from ryegrass/white clover dominant pasture, harvested after a range of regrowth intervals in spring, summer and autumn seasons. Protein quality was measured by rat growth (to give Relative Nutritive Value, RNV) and in‐vivo rat true digestibility. RNV for LPC prepared from all crops was about 50% of that for lactalbumin. Results were highest for lucerne and lowest for ryegrass and ryegrass/white clover. When LPC was supplemented with methionine, RNV improved to 80–90% of that for lactalbumin. Quality was highest and similar for white clover and lucerne and lowest and similar for ryegrass and ryegrass/white clover. The true digestibility of protein was highest for lucerne (82%) and lowest for ryegrass and ryegrass/white clover (70%). These variations may be related to the proportions of cytoplasmic and chloroplastic protein in the juice. There was no effect of season (autumnvsspring) or age of herbage at harvest (4, 6, or 8 weeks regrowth) on the quality of protein. Despite standardised procedures for harvesting, processing, and drying the LPC and for assessing protein quality, undefined factors caused variation in methionine‐supplemented protein qu

ISSN:0022-5142    

DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2740340809

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLeaf protein concentrations (LPC) were prepared from herbage harvested from pure stands of ryegrass (Lolium perenne), white clover (Trifolium repeens), lucerne (Medicago sativacv. Wairau) and from a stand of ryegrass/white clover dominant pasture: each crop was processed with and without the addition of sodium metabisulphite just prior to pulping. Protein quality was measured by rat growth and in‐vivo rat true digestibility. Juice protein composition was measured and was related to chemically available lysine and protein true digestibility. Protein in ryegrass LPC had a lower digestibility (72%) than that from white clover (81%) or lucerne (78%), due to a higher proportion of the juice true protein being from the chloroplastic fraction for ryegrass (73%) compared with the two legumes (49–56%). The chloroplastic fraction is of inherently lower digestibility than the cytoplasmic fraction. Metabisulphite treatment at pulping caused a small but consistent increase of chemically available lysine in the LPC, and also improved chemically available methionine and protein utilisation for growth. Effects on protein true digestibility were inconsistent. When LPC was fed with a methionine supplement, the efficiency of utilisation of protein for growth did not differ amongst the four crops. This occurred despite the true digestibility of protein on LPC being higher for the legumes than for ryegrass and ryegrass/white clo

ISSN:0022-5142    

DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2740340810

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLeaf protein concentrates (LPC) were prepared from ryegrass (Lolium perenne), white clover (Trifolium repens), mixed ryegrass/white clover and lucerne (Medicago sativacv. Wairau). Total and nutritionally available levels of methionine and cystine, and nutritionally available levels of lysine were measured. Total and available methionine in LPC averaged 1.94 and 1.60 g 16 g−1N respectively. The availability of methionine was increased (from 81% to 85%) when the herbage was treated with sodium metabisulphite before pulping. Total and available cystine in LPC averaged 0.96 and 0.26 g 16 g−1N respectively; availability increased (from 27% to 73%) when herbage was treated with metabisulphite. Of the two sulphur amino acids, cystine undergoes the greatest nutritional damage during processing in the absence of reducing agent. Available lysine averaged 5.29 and 5.61 g 16 g−1N for control and metabisulphitetreated LPC respectively. Improvements due to metabisulphite were small. Available lysine was higher in LPC from legume herbages (5.9 g 16 g−1N) than from ryegrass and ryegrass/white clover herbage (5.0 g 1

ISSN:0022-5142    

DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2740340811

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY