摘要:

AbstractThirty‐four field experiments were carried out on the seedbed fertilizer requirements of winter oilseed rape in the main rape‐growing areas of England and Scotland. Average seed yield was increased by seedbed N from 2.711 ha−1to 2.881 ha−1(when 200 kg ha−1N was given in spring). Economic analysis showed 60 kg ha−1as likely to be the most profitable rate of seedbed N for most situations. P fertilizer increased yield significantly on soils with low or moderate levels of available soil P but there was little response to K fertilizer on soils of high or medium K status and too few experiments on low K status soils to quantify requirements thereon. S application to the seedbed (as calcium sulphate) did not increase yield. Seedbed N decreased seed oil content slightly and not always significantly while P, K and S had no effect. Nutrient removal in the seed of an average 3 t ha−1crop would be 90 kg ha−1of N, 17 kg ha−1of P (40 kg ha−1P2O5) and 17 kg ha−

ISSN:0022-5142    

DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2740290802

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEighteen field trials were carried out from 1973 to 1975 (inclusive) in Southern England to assess the N, P and K requirement of fodder maize on soils with a wide variation in levels of available N, P and K ranging from low to high. It was only slightly (and not consistently) responsive to the added nutrients, though N, P, and K offtake by the crop was large. Practical considerations for formulating a fertilizer policy for this crop are discussed. Under conditions of low fertility, maximum yields of dry matter may be obtained with 60 kg ha−1of N and 75 kg ha−1of both P2O5and K2O, but this practice would deplete reserves of P and K in the soil. This should be rectified later in the crop rotat

ISSN:0022-5142    

DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2740290803

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFatty acid and triglyceride compositions ofEntada phaseolidesseed oil have been determined by combination of the techniques of systematic crystallisation at low temperatures, pancreatic lipase hydrolysis and gas‐liquid chromatography of methyl esters. The percentages of individual fatty acids were found to be myristic 0.3, palmitic 9.1, stearic 4.4, arachidic 1.7, behenic 1.6, oleic 35.8, linoleic 46.7 and linolenic 0.4. The special characteristic of this oil is its content of 6.9, 9.6, 17.0, 19.2, 5.0, 24.1 and 10.4% of monosaturated diolein, monosaturated dilinolein, saturated oleo linolein, dioleo‐linolein, triolein, oleo dilinolein and trilinolein, respectively. This investigation has indicated that the 2‐position of the triglyceride is preferentially esterified with C18unsaturated acids and linoleic acid shows preference over oleic

ISSN:0022-5142    

DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2740290804

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn experiments with growing pigs highly significant correlations between body weight and urinary creatinine (r=0.98) or creatine (r=0.95) excretion, were found. Furthermore, creatine made up of 20‐25% total urinary creatinine + creatine excretion. Creatinine excreted (expressed as mg kg−1body weight) was significantly (P<0.001) higher in heavier pigs (approx. 75 kg) compared to pigs at 25 kg and urinary creatinine as a percentage of total urinary N‐excretion was significantly (P<0.001) lower for pigs of 25 kg than for pigs of 53 and 75 kg, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation (P<0.001) between N‐balance and creatine excretion in 25 kg pigs whereas the opposite was the case for 75

ISSN:0022-5142    

DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2740290805

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCommercial crossbred hogs and gilts, and purebred Landrace boars and gilts were slaughtered after a lairage period of either 2 or 24 h. The meat quality of the carcasses was assessed by measuring the pH of theLongissimus dorsiandadductormuscles at 45 min and 20 hpost mortem.Serum cortisol and thyroid parameters were measured in blood taken at slaughter. The incidence of the pale, soft and exudative (PSE) condition was slightly higher in purebred Landrace pigs killed after a short lairage period than in those held in lairage overnight. The PSE condition tended to be more prevalent in Landrace gilts than boars. The percentage of carcasses classified as dark, firm and dry (DFD) was much greater in both commercial crossbred and purebred Landrace pigs killed after overnight lairage. The incidence of the DFD condition was greater in Landrace boars than gilts, particularly after overnight lairage. Serum cortisol levels were higher and serum total thyroxine (T4) and free thyroxine indices (FTI) lower in pigs killed after a short lairage. Serum total T4and FTI values at slaughter were lower in boars than gilts.

ISSN:0022-5142    

DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2740290806

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA simple high‐pressure liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of vitamins A and E in animal feeds and foods has been developed and evaluated. After saponification and extraction the sample was run on a reversed‐phase column with water‐methanol as the mobile phase. The detector was an u.v.‐lamp at 280 nm. The method has been tested on different types of feeds and foods containing between 2‐30 μg vitamin A g−1of sample and 5‐300 μg vitamin E g−1of sample. The recovery of added vitamins was 86 % for retinylacetate and 91 % for α‐tocopheryl‐acetate with a standard deviation of 3 % for both. Results of the proposed procedure agreed well with those obt

ISSN:0022-5142    

DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2740290807

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGrowth ofTetrahymena pyriformisW was used to assess the relative nutritive value (RNV) of 40 foodstuffs. Growth of the organism was estimated by ammonia‐nitrogen (NH3‐N) accumulation, media optical density (OD) and the reduction of triphenyl‐tetrazolium chloride (TTC) for triphenyl‐formazan. The latter approach was evaluated both on a linear and on a logarithmic scale. All methods used to determine RNC were compared to the microscope cell‐counting procedure before and after adjustment by linear regression equations. When compared to cell counts, the measurement of NH3‐N accumulation resulted in the lowest mean difference, followed by the measurements of TTC reduction on a logarithmic scale, OD and then TTC reduction on a linear scale. Mean deviations from cell count values were reduced for all methods after regression equations were used to fit experimental values to the same range as the cell count values. It was concluded that cell counts should be used to calculate RNV and that NH3‐N or OD determinations could increase the efficiency of the RNV procedure for preliminary sam

ISSN:0022-5142    

DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2740290808

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA series of commercial glucose syrups and related fractions (produced by reverse osmosis) of low and intermediate DE (DE=dextrose equivalent = reducing sugar content, expressed in terms of dextrose and calculated as a percentage of the total solids) were complexed with sodium chloride, calcium chloride or potassium iodide. Detailed study of the complex formation by optical rotation and conductivity techniques revealed that complex formation reached a maximum when the ratio of salt to carbohydrate was 10‐20%. The result was the same for each glucose syrup studied but the alteration of optical rotation or conductivity was predictably higher at lower DEs. No marked differences between the commercial glucose syrups and fractions were observed. This suggests that the complex formation was due largely to oligosaccharides in both series of syrups and fraction

ISSN:0022-5142    

DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2740290809

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn 15 young Beaujolais red wines from the 1974 and 1975 vintages statistically significant linear correlations were found between overall quality and the contents of total pigments, total anthocyanins, coloured anthocyanins and tasters' mean colour scores; and also between flavour and the contents of total pigments and total anthocyanins. In 1974 additional significant correlations were found between (a) overall quality and wine colour density; non‐coloured anthocyanins and pH, (b) flavour and colour scores and coloured anthocyanins, (c) aroma and total pigments, total anthocyanins, coloured and non‐coloured anthocyanins and pH and (d) the chemical parameters of pH and total pigments and total anthocyanins. In 1975 flavour was correlated also with non‐coloured anthocyanins and pH. The results demonstrate the desirable effects of anthocyanins on wine flavour and quality, whereas the polymeric pigments formed on ageing of Beaujolais appear to be indifferent features of quality. Thus, the negative correlations found between quality factors and wine ‚chemical age’︁ tend to support the opinion that most Beaujolais should be drunk young. Comparison of the results with data on Australian and Swiss red wines suggests that sulphur dioxide affects not only quality itself but also the nature of the quality correlation found. Simple colour measurement of acidified wine provides a useful indication of quality in young red wines of the same grape cultivar and age, having minimal sulphur diox

ISSN:0022-5142    

DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2740290810

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe changes in aroma composition during apple‐brandy production have been investigated by gas chromatography and coupled gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Quantitative determinations of 97 aroma components have shown that the aroma of unaged apple brandy is characterised by components produced as a result of the yeast fermentation and technological steps such as mashing and heating rather than by the genuine apple‐aroma components. Genuine apple‐aroma constituents, predominantly esters, are degraded during the mashing process and can be detected only in traces after the distillation. Distillation enhanced the concentration of ethyl esters and many of the higher alcohols, producing acetals and furane derivatives as well as damascenone, 2‐methylhept‐2‐hepten‐6‐one

ISSN:0022-5142    

DOI:10.1002/jsfa.2740290811

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY