摘要:

ABSTRACTIn order to decrease the uncertainty that results in water resource planning and management studies due to the assumed recurrence of historical hydrological sequences, considerable study of stochastic processes in hydrology has taken place during the past 10 or 15 years. The general objective has been to develop a capability for generating a number of valid sequences, each of which could as resonably occur as could a recurrence of past events. A number of serious problems have been encountered, the consequence of which has been a serious lag in the application of stochastic processes to real planning and management problems. These problems include: a. an inability to generate droughts in some cases that are as extreme as have occurred historically, b. the generation of inconsistent values of stream flow at 2 locations on the same stream, c. the lack of mathematical techniques for the management of incomplete data sets, d. a great increase in the required computation for planning and management studies, and e. theoretical and computational difficulties in expanding the scope of stochastic hydrology from monthly quantities to short‐period quantities. This paper discusses these problems and various approaches used in attempting their solutio

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01785.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTWater pollution control by effluent treatment becomes increasingly expensive as the degree of treatment is increased. As has previously been demonstrated, instream aeration provides an economical alternative for the higher degrees of treatment. For large, deep, navigable rivers, another alternative may be still more economical, namely, mobile oxygenating craft, using fine bubble diffusers. The propellors in the craft plus its mobility would give important advantages in dispersing the oxygenated water; and one craft could replace a multiplicity of static aeration sites.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01786.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn recent years, important changes have occurred in water resources research. There have been major shifts in attitudes of Congress, state legislatures and the general public toward water and related resource issues. Future water research and development will have to be environmentally oriented. Emphasis is shifting to research productivity. To justify research expenditures, hard facts must be produced which demonstrate payoff. Technology transfer (getting research results into the hands of users in an understandable and usable form) is gaining prominence. Research projects must be designed for total problem solution and technology transfer must be incorporated as a part of project objectives. Research must be planned and conducted to meet users' needs. Guidelines for modern research design and technology transfer are presented.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01787.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe National Weather Service is nearing the conclusion of a five year period of transition from index type catchment modelling to the use of conceptual hydrologic models. The decision to make this technological change was based on an extensive research project in which various catchment models were tested in a wide variety of basins and their strong and weak points ascertained. This project is described. Some of the problems involved in the changeover, which are discussed, are practical parameter optimization methods, computer requirements for the more complex technology, data requirements, fitting of the catchment model to major river systems, training of personnel and staffing problems.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01788.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01789.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe New Lead. Belt of southeastern Missouri has recently become the largest lead producing region of the world. The impact of this rapid development on the previously rural and undeveloped region of the Missouri Ozarks is the subject of a continuing interdisciplinary study. Since the industrial development began, there have been a number of nuisance biological blooms in several of the small streams receiving effluent from the mines and mills. The major constituents of the problem algal growths were identified and found to include:Cladophora, Oscillatoria, Mougeotia, Zygnema, Spirogyra, Cymbella, and a variety of other stalked and non‐stalked diatoms. Secondary blooms ofSphaerotiluswere observed to reach problem proportions in some streams, particularly in the autumn. Finely ground rock flour and mineral particles escaping from tailings dams were found to be trapped by the stream vegetation. Concentrations of lead, zinc, copper, and manganese in the algal and bacterial mats were found to be inversely related to distance downstream from the tailings dams. Consumer organisms, including crayfish, snails, aquatic insects, tadpoles, minnows and larger sunfish were analyzed to determine the extent of dissemination and concentration of the heavy metals through food chains. Preliminary results indicated insignificant concentrations of heavy metals in those consumer organisms studied, though in at least one problem stream the normal consumer organisms mentioned were markedly reduced in number

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01790.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA modified transient version of the Streeter‐Phelps model along with the energy balance equation is employed to analyze the effects of waste heat discharge from power plants on stream water quality. Analysis is also made to examine the effects of the upstream water quality and stream velocity on the downstream DO concentration level. The resulting coupled nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations representing the energy, BOD and DO concentrations are solved by the method of characteristics and simulated on a digital computer. Final numerical results indicate that the allowable quantity of thermal discharge does heavily depend on the upstream qualit

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01791.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIncreasing population and urbanization necessitate very large investments in municipal water supply. These investments could be more efficiently deployed if the impact of policy variables such as marginal pricing, metering, by‐laws on lawn watering and plumbing fixtures, and higher summer charges were known. The paper in particular advocates the replacement of the present declining block rate by an increasing block rate. In order to know the impact of policy variables, a multiple regression model is built; the fitted model is tested against some data not included in calibrating the model. Next the impact of selected policy variables on the target variable (residential water demand during summer) is worked out for a new urban community of 200,000 people. The investment requirements may decrease appreciably as a result of a price increase when marginal (or commodity) charges are low but the impact of price changes when commodity charges are already high is less evident and non‐price policy variables may be more effective in maintaining high quality water and also satisfying the constraint of limited budgets for municipal servi

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01792.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe way the Water Resources Council proposes to measure the beneficial effects of national economic development and recreation is questioned and alternatives suggested. In measuring the former, the assumptions specified by the Council are questioned because they do not hold true in the market place. In addition, the Council's method of simulating a price per recreation day implies that an arbitrary price be selected from a range and multiplied times the number of days at no charge for use of the facilities. It is contended that these procedures would over state the economic benefits which in the real market would be measured by the selected price times the quantity demanded at that price.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01793.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTPreventing or markedly reducing the loss of aqueous fluids from a variety of reservoirs is becoming increasingly important. Fear of pollution from industrial waters and sewage impoundments as well as the economic factors involved in loss of fresh water add impact to this problem. This paper reviews the seriousness of the problem and methods that have been used to reduce loss of fluid are discussed. New materials for control of water loss are constantly being advocated, and chemical research has provided new systems that work extremely well. These systems, which combine unique chemicals and novel methods of application, are described. Specific case histories are also included.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01794.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY