摘要:

ABSTRACT:The Salt and Verde Rivers of central Arizona provide the water supply for metropolitan Phoenix and a considerable acreage of irrigated agriculture. Rapid urbanization has caused concern over future water supply and aggravated flooding in the already flood‐prone Salt River Valley. Tree‐ring data were used as a proxy source to extend the annual and seasonal runoff records back to A.D. 1580 and thus to determine whether the period of record for annual discharge adequately represents the long term flow characteristics of the two rivers. Results show that several periods of extended low flow have occurred during the past 400 years, many of which were more severe then any comparable period since 1890. The low flow periods appear to have a recurrence interval of about 22 years. Also the gaged records contain an above average number of high seasonal and annual flows when compared to the entire 400 years. The reconstructions contain important implications for future water supply and flood potentials in the Salt River Val

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01925.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The effectiveness of water conservation policies on reduction of water consumption was evaluated by use of a multiple regression predictive model. Data were obtained from eight Iowa communities, with regard to water consumption and water conservation policies adopted during the drought of 1977. The proposed model, which takes precipitation, temperature, month effects, and uniqueness of communities into account, is considered superior to the use of simple percent changes in evaluating the significance of reduction in water consumption due to conservation efforts. Among the variety of policies reviewed, mandatory policies with per capita restrictions were found to be most effective. However, voluntary conservation policies also resulted in significant reduction in some communities located in close proximity to other communities with severer water shortages. High credibility of local governments as to water shortage information was singled out as the most important factor in successful conservation by water resource policymakers of these communities. Use of the proposed predictive model for water consumption was demonstrated. Recommendations regarding future water conservation were made.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01926.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Calgary, the fastest growing city in Canada, is about to expand its urban water supply facilities in order to meet peak summer demands. Most of Calgary's residential water is sold by flat rate. The effect of this pricing policy on peak and average demands is discussed. The true marginal cost of peak capacity from the new expansion is calculated. The effect of a proposed metering program on capacity expansion requirements is computed. It is concluded that metering should preceed the next capacity expansion.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01927.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The trophic characterization of lakes has been intermittently monitored in recent years with data generated from satellite and aircraft spectral scanners. Each of these methods used “ground truth” (lake sampling data) to establish a correlation between scanner‐recorded radiance values and a trophic index for each lake (or portion of a lake). The approaches varied in their processing of the digital imagery, as well as in the development of trophic indices. Currently, several states employ varying spectral imagery techniques to develop lake classifications to satisfy the requirements of Section 314 of Federal Water Pollution Control Act. These variations have created a need for developing a uniform, tested approach for use by states and EPA for the description of lake trophic state from multispectral imagery. The current state and the use of multispectral data and technology to determine lake trophic indices is assessed in this

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01928.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The current dredge and fill practices in locating canals along the periphery of wetlands in south Florida are transforming natural basins that originally had primarily slower subsurface drainage to ones that discharge larger quantities of water faster, via a surface drainage system. The objective of this paper is to develop an analytical technique and a numerical model in quantifying the difference of surface and subsurface runoff before and after the construction of drainage canals, and for delineating the effects of drains on channel level and regional water tables in adjacent areas in south Florida. The surface runoff model is formulated on the climatic water balance technique, and the ground water model is treated as a one dimensional transient phenomenon that forms a nonlinear flow problem. Analytical solutions are derived through problem linearization. These two models are coupled to estimate the impact of drainage canals on the adjacent water table drawdown.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01929.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This paper addresses problems in the design of a water use data base and valuation of water use data. An examination of the economic efficiency and distributional aspects of selected water management problems indicates that there are benefits to be obtained from water use information and, thus, there is a potential value to water use data. Water use information is viewed as being produced by combining water use data with other data in a modeling context suggested by theory relevant to the problem at hand, and a well designed water use data base will facilitate this synthesis. Data “needs” in the production of water use information via economic modeling are described to illustrate the relationship between theory and data. Some of the desirable characteristics of a water use data base and inadequacies of the existing water use data “base” are described. The fugitive nature of the water use data resource and a lack of understanding of both the information “production function” and the role of water use information in decisionmaking complicates the water use data valuat

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01930.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This paper suggests theoretical models to forecast the demand for recreational boats in a metropolitan area, and their expected usage in various regional water bodies and marinas. The models, which are similar to those used in transportation studies, are implemented using statistical regression analysis and can be easily applied to a wide range of case studies. The models have been used to forecast demand for boats by type and size in the Cleveland S.M.S.A. The proportion of boats attracted to boating facilities on Lake Erie has been calculated. This study is significant in suggesting a theoretically sound methodology to project facilities required for recreational boats.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01931.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Eggs from salmon and brown trout were reared at 6 pH levels in the pH range 4.1–7.5. By micropuncture, the pH of the perivitelline fluid (PVF) was measured at different stages of development with an antimony microelectrode system. The pH of the PVF falls with decreased pH of the ambient media, although no point of equilibrium was found at the lower pH levels. When eggs were reared at pH levels 4.1–4.7, the pH of the PVF in salmon eggs was 0.4 units above the ambient media, while that in trout eggs was 1.0 pH units above. Decreased pH of the PVF during the later, actively ion accumulation, embryonic stages will subject the embryos to ion regulating stresses similar to those registered for adult fis

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01932.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhimurium, andStaphylococcus aureuswere tested by plate counts and Warburg respirometry to determine effects of the presence of carbaryl in water.E. coliandS. typhimuriumwere initially stimulated in the presence of the insecticide whereasS. faecalisandS. aureuswere inhibited. Over a period of days, all bacteria died off more rapidly in the presence of carbaryl. The implications of these data in regards to bacteriological testing of water quality are discussed.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01933.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Escherichia coli. Streptococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhimurium, andStaphylococcus aureuswere tested in pure culture and in various combined mixed cultures to determine effects of the presence of carbaryl in water. Oxygen uptake ofE. coliandS. typhimiriumwas stimulated by five mg/L carbaryl when mixed together, but no stimulation was observed when either organism was tested alone or with other bacteria. In mixed culture the survival time ofS. faecaliswas reduced in the presence of five mg/L carbaryl; however, the survival time of bothS. aureusandS. typhimuriumwas increased in the presence of five mg/L carbaryl. Implications of these results are discussed.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1981.tb01934.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY