摘要:

ABSTRACT:The national and regional economic impact of the Bureau of Reclamation's Uncompahgre Project which was authorized in 1903 is assessed. Benefit‐cost ratios for the project are calculated for a range of production cost estimates and discount rates. An economic base approach is used to estimate the project's regional economic impact. Although the project has been marginal in terms of an economic efficiency rationale it has been an important impetus to regional economic growth in the Uncompahgre Region over tim

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1980.tb02377.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This work was the development of a model for analyzing the social components of a flood control or sociological‐hydrologic decision process. A general conceptual system was developed from the study of an actual decision. Mathematical values were determined for the social and behavioral variables and these elements were transposed into a mathematical linear model providing a set of equations from which the system could be simulated with the compute

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1980.tb02378.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Following an enclosure of a sink‐hole connecting Lake Tarpon to the Gulf of Mexico, the chloride concentration of lake waters decreased. Water and chloride budgets for the lake in 1975 were prepared, and predictions using the model of Lerman and Brunskill (1971) were made as to the time required for the lake to achieve fresh water status. Model verification indicated good agreement with predictions in 1976; however, data on [C1‐] for 1977 and 1978 are not as supportive of the model used. The information concerning the Lake Tarpon watershed provided by this latter fact is discus

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1980.tb02379.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The 1950 flood disaster in the Red River Valley, Manitoba, and particularly in Winnipeg made all levels of government aware of the need for control measures. The principal elements of the system which was implemented were two large excavated diversion channels, a storage reservoir, and ring dykes around several small communities. In terms of cost and size, the flood control system is the largest in Canada and despite Federal contributions amounting to nearly 60 percent of the final cost, it represented a considerable fiscal burden for the comparatively small population of Manitoba. Between the opening of the Red River Floodway in 1968 and 1979, a series of exceptional spring peak flows on the Red and Assiniboine Rivers demonstrated the benefits of such a system to a degree which could not have been anticipated at the time the projects were being considered. Furthermore, maximum spring discharges from 1913 to 1978 show a clear rising trend, indicating that the flood hazard is becoming even more severe than was initially assumed; if this trend continues, future benefits will continue to exceed expectations. The overall effectiveness of the hazard reduction program in the Red River Valley, however, has suffered from continued development in unprotected areas. Recent federal‐provincial agreements have been reached which will substantially reduce this problem and place greater emphasis on improving the non‐structural components of an overall flood hazard reduction prog

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1980.tb02380.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A computer program (MAPS ‐ Methodology for Areawide Planning Studies) has been developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station to assist planners in producing a comprehensive array of alternatives without sacrificing the detail and accuracy of the analyses. MAPS is a set of computer based models which can be used to simulate the water resource alternatives and to develop planning level design and cost estimates. Two application examples are discussed. The Salinas‐Monterey (California) Urban Study sought to identify and determine cost of combinations of water source, transmission, and treatment to meet an array of water needs in future years. The Nashville (Tennessee) Urban Study had similar objectives but the output was prepared on a service area basis for more than 40 such units. Using MAPS it was possible to prepare planning level design and cost estimates for a very large number of alternati

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1980.tb02381.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Strategies for controlling nonpoint sources of water pollution are discussed in terms of three representative states and eighteen regional agencies. The programs in Virginia, New York, and Wisconsin are seen to exhibit control options which range from voluntary action to strict regulation. Four conclusions are drawn from the analysis. First, nonpoint sources of pollution are a major component of the overall water pollution problem in the three states. Second, technical controls are generally available to solve the problems. Third, existing controls programs are not necessarily technologically sound or cost effective. Finally, existing control programs are capable of instituting solutions to the problems if and only if specified actions take place within the respective states and regions in the future. Critical research needs are identified which will assist states and regions in developing cost effective programs to control nonpoint source pollution.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1980.tb02382.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This paper provides a critical analysis of the Bureau of Reclamation's Auburn‐Folsom South project in California. While this massive $1.5 billion project is temporarily halted for redesign for earthquake hazard, it is timely to examine its justification on economic grounds. The key finding is that several major benefit categories, irrigation and recreation, have been grossly overstated. In addition, the Bureau failed entirely to estimate the cost of use on the free‐flowing American River, or a probability‐weighted estimate of catastrophic loss. Revised estimates indicate that the project is not economically justified. In addition, the project has unattractive distributive effects. The implications of this case study for current revisions in U.S. water policy are explored. The Auburn study basically provides support for the U.S. Water Resource Council's draft manual of procedures for evaluating federal water resource pro

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1980.tb02383.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Results of studies which have considered the relative merit of various friction slope averaging equations previously used in water surface profile computations are described. Limitations of the most accurate equation known for the M2 profile have indicated that a new equation which gives more emphasis to the upstream energy gradient is desirable. Based upon friction slope curves developed for M2 water surface profiles two new equations, one a parabolic and the other an elliptical approximation, are presented. The behavior of the new equations and of the previously most recommended equation is described by test calculations. The elliptical equation performed more satisfactorily than the harmonic method commonly recommended for M2 profile computations. Insertion of an additional cross‐section about 50 feet upstream from a critical depth section was found to reduce computational errors for any energy gradient averaging metho

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1980.tb02384.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Synoptic water temperature measurements were taken in three temperate lakes located within 25 km of one another to study the effects of morphometry (and changes in weather) on seasonal and short‐term thermal stratification characteristics. Two of the lakes had nearly the same surface areas and two had nearly identical mean depths; all were exposed to identical weather conditions. The dominance of weather over morphometry on the water surface temperature response was illustrated by the synoptic measurements in two different years. Stratification structure was also found to be dominated by weather for sufficiently deep lakes. Surface area effects were most subtle but explainable as sheltering effects. The onset of stratification was not, as traditionally described, a simple, gradual response of a lake to the annual solar radiation cycle. Rather it depends on a series of alternating heating, cooling, and mixing cycles similar to annual and diel cycles but with a period of approximately five days. These were in direct response to the passage of major weather systems and displayed no apparent time lag. No comparable synoptic water temperature data set could be found in the literatur

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1980.tb02385.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The delineation of inland wetlands requires close field examination of the biological and physical gradients (transition zones) between wetlands and bordering uplands. As part of a study on the detection and delineation of inland wetlands in eastern Connecticut by remote sensing techniques, this effort was designed to investigate vegetation distribution and composition and selected physical and chemical properties of the soils of wetland to upland transition zones in deciduous wetland forests. Field research was conducted during the growing season of 1975 within a test area consisting of the 45 mi2Town of Mansfield, Connecticut. Changes in vegetation composition and structure, soil pH, and soil water content were determined along line transects extended over wetland to upland transition zones. Differences in soil pH occurred along the transects but were of such magnitude that they probably have little impact on plant distribution. There were significant changes in soil water content along the wetland to upland gradients. Discriminant analysis applied to statistical “index of abundance” data describing vegetation distribution among the various zones (wetland, transition, upland) showed which plant species best distinguish wetlands from uplands. Of the criteria studied, vegetation composition and distribution, soil water content, and relief are the most useful criteria for delineating deciduous wetland fore

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1980.tb02386.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY