摘要:

ABSTRACTApplications of systems methodology to water problems of the Tucson basin are summarized. Natural recharge is estimated by means of a discrete convolution relation in which the unit impulse response of an aquifer is derived from basic hydro‐dynamic laws. A temporal model of sequences of wet and dry periods during the summer thunderstorm season is based on a multiple linear regression equation that relates total rainfall amount during the wet period to the duration of the wet period and volume of peak rainfall. A spatial model predicts point rainfall frequency of maximal and minimal amounts of thunderstorm rainfall. A static management model allocates Tucson groundwater, Avra Valley water, Colorado River water, and reclaimed waste water to municipal, industrial, and agricultural users within a pricing framework. For a range of pricing policies the model clearly demonstrates the opportunity costs to the community by use of higher‐priced water supplies such as Colorado River water in lieu of Tucson groundwater. The role of worth of data studies in relation to data analysis, model building and management studies is also introdu

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1970.tb01645.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTDischarge of heated waste water may affect the entire aquatic ecosystem–the interrelated biological, chemical, physical system–and, if the temperature change is large, may destroy the capacity of the ecosystem to serve a variety of beneficial purposes. However, it is possible to discharge heated waste waterin carefully controlled amountswithout seriously degrading the aquatic ecosystem. There are four basic alternatives which are open to us with regard to the heated waste water problem which we may choose singly or in various combinations: (1) Placing all heated, waste water in streams, lakes, and oceans without regard to the effects. Thus considering the environmental damage as a necessary consequence of our increased power demand. (2) Using, but not abusing, existing ecosystems. This means regulating the heated waste water discharge to fit the receiving capacity of the ecosystem. (3) Finding alternative ways to dissipate or beneficially use waste heat. (4) Modifying ecosystems to fit the new temperature conditions. We are all dependent upon a life‐support system which is partly industrial and partly ecological. Unfortunately, we have reached a stage of development where the non‐expandable, ecological portion of our life‐support system is endangered by the expanding industrial portion. Optimal function and full beneficial use of both portions of our life‐support system will only be possible if a variety of disciplines and diverse points of view can cooperate and work together effectively. Since wastes in amounts that are acceptable taken one at a time may be lethal collectively, environmental management should be on a reg

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1970.tb01646.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFive‐to‐50‐gallon slicks of No. 6 (Bunker C) fuel oil were tracked for several hours on six different occasions. Slick motion was due mainly to surface currents. The slick wind factor varied with wind speed, showing a threshold at seven knots and approaching 2.0 percent at 20 knots. Published values of 2.3 to 5 percent did not exclude the effects of wind‐generated surface currents. Prediction of slick motion using wind and published tidal‐current data was deficient; accuracy will require extensive wind and surface‐current time

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1970.tb01647.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews analytical procedures for deducing from annual streamflow data information required for water resources systems planning. The procedure relies on two techniques to determine the extent that cycles exist in annual time series data. The first is to observe how the time series behaves around the mean annual flow. If it tends not to move across the mean frequently, it is concluded that a cyclical nature exists. The second technique is to observe the time path of accumulated departures from the mean annual flow.The validity of both techniques is questioned. The first because it uses mean flow as “normal” or the flow that the time series should fluctuate around. The second because the accumulated departure from the mean time series will be autocor‐related even when the individual annual or seasonal flow observations are uncorrected. Alternative analytical techniques, which find no cycles, are pres

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1970.tb01648.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA study of the relationship among cloudiness, precipitable water vapor, stability and precipitation is presented for the Texas High Plains. A study of clouds during periods of above‐normal rainfall indicates that precipitation during late fall and winter is associated with stratiform clouds which develop in conjunction with cyclonic activity. Spring and summer precipitation is most highly correlated with cumuliform clouds characteristic of convective activity. Investigation of other macroscale atmospheric features indicates that wet periods are further characterized by atmospheric instability and above‐normal amounts of precipitable water vapor and water‐vapor flux. Dry periods are associated with atmospheric circulation patterns which either serve to cut off the supply of low‐level moisture, produce subsidence and consequent atmospheric stability,

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1970.tb01649.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA study designed to analyze two types of information services provided by the Water Resources Scientific Information Center (WRSIC) is described. This study was conducted to assess the monetary value and acceptability to users of the Selected Water Resources Abstracts (SWRA) Journal and the Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) System. Results indicate that both services were well received and provide a useful and valuable service to a variety of users active in the area of water resources.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1970.tb01650.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTLarge scale water resource investigations and effective pollution surveillance programs require the development of additional instrumentation and techniques to supplement existing methods of data acquisition. As a result, interest is growing in the concept of remote sensing. Described in this paper is the multispectral sensor concept and its application in water resource studies.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1970.tb01651.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTWastewater irrigation is a re‐emerging method for dealing with an area's wastewater, particularly in Northern temperate climates in the U.S. Muskegon, Michigan, typical of a medium‐sized Northern urban area, is currently adopting wastewater irrigation to meet its present and future wastewater treatment ne

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1970.tb01652.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTModel studies were and are still being used to verify certain theories in ground‐water flow systems in general. In complex cases, the model studies may be extremely useful especially when a theoretical rigorous analysis does not exist. The models cannot be considered entirely satisfactory due to the several drawbacks in each type in addition to the normal human errors in experimentation. This paper is concerned only with the viscous flow models. However, a brief summary of the other types of models, which may possibly be used in connection with salt water intrusion problems is given. It should be noted that some of such experiments are not directly related to the field of salt water intrusion. Two main types lie within this category: The gravity flow systems which are analogous to some phases of salt intrusion problems and problems in oil fields which bear general similarities to sea water intrusion zones. In oil fields, gas cycling studies give valuable information to sea water problems. Model studies are used by hydraulic engineers, geologists, petroleum engineers, physicists, foundation engineers and several other professional group

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1970.tb01653.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe proof is rapidly mounting that instream aeration is a technically and economically feasible supplement to secondary treatment of wastes, an alternative to tertiary waste treatment. Some phenomena remain unexplained; and competing technologies, especially those employing molecular oxygen, are being explored vigorously. However, there are convincing arguments in favor of aeration on theoretical grounds, proved technology is available; and the first installations have already been made. While remaining questions are being further investigated, it is time to consider in more detail the broader aspects, as to the institutional, legal, and political hurdles to be overcome before advantage can be taken of the new technology. This paper first summarizes the state‐of‐the‐art as far as technology is concerned; and then outlines the institutional pr

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1970.tb01654.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY