摘要:

ABSTRACT:The drainage system for an ash basin serving a coal‐fired power plant at the Savannah River Project, Aiken, South Carolina, has been studied for 15 months to determine abiotic and biotic characteristics and mechanisms of pollutant removal. Measurements made included temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, alkalinity, conductance, flow rate, sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate. In addition, neutron activation analysis was employed to determine concentrations of 40 chemical elements in water, benthos, bacterial, plant, invertebrate, and vertebrate samples collected at six sampling stations. Five‐day toxicity tests were performed using organisms from within and from outside the system.Conductance, pH, alkalinity and sulfate concentration varied little throughout the system. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, nitrate, phosphate, and flow rate decreased at stations farther removed from the ash basin.Concentrations of most chemical elements measured were greatest in benthos (75 percent of total) and least in water (less than one percent of total), indicating that a major removal mechanism was sedimentation of suspended particulate matter. Eight elements (Br, Ca, C1, Cd, Na, Sb, Se, and Zn) were more highly concentrated in one or more biotic forms than in benthos. Among heavy metals only Cr was concentrated to a greater extent by plants than by animals. Midges were the greatest concentrators of Fe, Cu, Cr, Hg, Co, Sb, and As among all organisms. Plants concentrated only 15 percent of the total heavy metal concentration found in the benthos.Light, metals were more highly concentrated in animals than in plants, although all plants were found to possess 19 percent of the concentration present in the benthos and water. As and Sb were in low concentration within the system; however, on a percentage basis, these potentially toxic elements were relatively highly concentrated by a number of organisms. Active metals (Ca, Na, and K) and halogens (CI, Br, and I) were highly concentrated by most organisms. Active metals were more concentrated in crayfish and mosquito fish,Gambusia affinis, than in benthos, whereas most organisms had higher concentrations of halogens than were found in benthic sediments. Primary producers within the system were least efficient in concentration of all elements except Mn. Consumers (invertebrates and vertebrates) were found to possess highest concentrations of all other elements.Organisms found within the drainage system were observed to be able to survive a five‐day toxicity test at any point within the system, whereas organisms not existing within the system were observed to vary in their resistance to the drainage system environment.The findings of this study demonstrate the necessity for the operation of entire food chains in pollutant removal and indicate potential means for increasing cycling efficiency by selective addition of resistant consumers to such a s

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1976.tb00207.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The Environmental Protection Agency administers a construction grant program to encourage abatement of wastewater pollution by sharing with municipalities the costs of wastewater treatment facilities. The enabling legislation (P.L. 92–500) specifies that EPA's cost share will be 75% of construction costs. It further requires municipalities to collect user fees from industrial users of the facilities to repay that part of the federal grant allocable to the treatment of industrial wastewater. The municipality must return half of the user fees collected to the U.S. Treasury; the municipality is allowed to retain the remaining half. Retention by municipalities of these user fees lowers their effective cost shares and results in the following consequences: (1) a bias for municipalities to select certain kinds of abatement techniques regardless of whether or not they are the least‐cost techniques from the national perspective; (2) a bias for municipalities to select larger‐than‐optimal scales of abatement facilities; (3) a hidden federal subsidy to industry; and (4) grants that favor industrial communities. This article examines the legislative and regulatory requirements for user charges, derives the algebraic expressions for calculating the real federal, municipal, and industrial cost shares with user fees; computes municipal cost shares for selected values of the determinant factors; evaluates efficiency and other consequences of current user fee arrangements; and concludes that the efficiency distortions brought about by the impacts of user fees on cost sharing could be eliminated by requiring that all user fees collected from industry against the federal cost share be returned to the U.S. T

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1976.tb00208.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The search for an adequate methodology to quantify environmental trade‐offs led to a simulation technique, the Priority Evaluator Technique (PET). The PET was applied to determine values and trade‐off preferences for environmental variables related to a proposed reservoir project. The PET simulates real world situations and allows the respondents to evaluate their preferences within a fixed cost framework. It systematically checks the respondents's perception of the existing conditions and compares the changes sought. From the responses obtained via interviewing, one can establish the extent to which respondents are satisfied with the prevailing conditions, the magnitude and direction of changes sought, the quality trade‐offs, and the relative value of different situations. The PET is flexible and can accommodate alternative planning decisions, prices, incomes, and end factors. The promise shown by this application of the PET should encourage further exploration and evalu

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1976.tb00209.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1976.tb00210.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A variable change is used to convert drawdown formulas for isotropic aquifers for use where the aquifer is anisotropic. Contours of the cone of depression assume an oval configuration with the major and minor axes oriented in the directions for which the permeability is greated and least. The case of a well pumped at a constant rate, the case of a well drawing water at a constant rate from an aquifer with a leaky roof and the flowing artesian well case are treated. In all cases the well is considered to completely penetrate the aquifer.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1976.tb00211.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This study proposes that demand management through pricing policies can be used in conjunction with supply management to solve water supply problems. Economic principles are shown to apply to rural residential water use. A demand function for water was developed based on cross‐sectional water use data collected in Kentucky. Price was found to be a significant determinant of the quantity of water demanded. A constant price elasticity of ‐0.92 was found. The demand function was used in a simulation analysis to determine reservoir capacity needed to supply water needs of a rural community. The simulation revealed that price can significantly affect required reservoir stor

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1976.tb00212.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The equations of transient and steady‐state flow in two‐dimensional artesian aquifers are approximated using finite differences. The resulting linear difference equations, combined with other linear physical and management constraints and a linear objective function, comprise a linear programming (LP) formulation. Solutions of such LP models are used to determine optimal well distributions and pumping rates to meet given management objectives for a hypothetical transient problem and for a steady‐state field pr

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1976.tb00213.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Law and hydrology are inextricably woven together in the pattern of water resource development in the west. The former attempts to allocate a limited and valuable resource as the latter tries to define the limits of the resource. In the past an inadequate data base has made hydrologic estimates difficult and political factors have pushed the law into possibly conflicting commitments in the Colorado River Basin.Through the use of tree‐ring research, hydrologists have produced a more definitive data base and placed water allocations such as the Colorado River Compact of 1922 in a clearer long‐term perspective. This data base leads to the conclusion that the surface‐water supply is about 13.5 million acre‐feet per year. This hydrologic limit must be apportioned within an existing legal framework ‐ the “Law of the River.” As development approaches the resource limit in the Upper Colorado River Basin, lawyers and hydrologists must act in concert toward the equitable solution of allocation and realloca

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1976.tb00214.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The cost of the liquid wast treatment measures required to meet federal as well as typical state and local regulations was examined for dairy processing plants of various sizes. Federal effluent standards were found to produce higher estimated capital costs per unit of raw material for smaller plants, even with relaxed requirements for smaller plants. State regulations limiting the effluent BOD5‐ concentration were also found to result in inequitable costs for smaller processors. These inequities result from economies of scale and not such factors as level of process technology employed or amount of waste produced per unit of raw material. In contrast, applying an example sewer surcharge formula did not produce inequities from economies of scal

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1976.tb00215.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Two types of organizational systems provide most of the water service in the United States. The investor‐owned firm operates on a profit basis generally subject to state commission regulation. The government‐owned firm is generally confronted by local control. The comparative efficiency of private versus government firm provision of water services is essentially an empirical issue. Unit costs and other operating statistics are examined for water firms of each ownership form. The analysis shows that private firms tend to have higher operation costs than do government firms, possibly attributable to wage‐salary differentials. The analysis also indicates that capital investment in large government firms may result in diseconomies. The analysis creates serious doubt as to whether efficient provision of water services can be better facilitated by large mergers of either ownership

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1976.tb00216.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY