ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1972.tb05973.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Theoretical and practical results are summarized for a study to determine optimal water resource allocation in a proposed water conservancy district. The area of this district, which covers several river basins, contains a large number of existing and proposed facilities such as reservoirs and diversions. The operation of all of these facilities was to be determined along with the sizing of the proposed facilities in order to optimize given objective functions. Related efforts in optimal river basin utilization were surveyed, and linear programming was selected as an expedient optimization technique. The problem is formulated by identifying time stages which together constitute a repetitive cycle such as a year. With these stages, it is possible to associate operational and capacity variables with network components, which are branches and nodes. Objective functions are assembled for the component variables. Constraint equations are written in terms of the variables to reflect network nodal continuity, capacity restrictions, and adjudications such as water rights. A numerical example is considered in which the existing and proposed facilities are aggregated to produce a small, tractable number of facilities. This paper examines the example results and suggests future improvements for models of this type.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1972.tb05974.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.This paper deals with the subject of applying different types of systems analysis tools to water quantity studies of multireservoir networks of increasing degrees of complexity. The object is to show how each tool can be used, modified and combined with other tools to solve specific problems and to indicate the degrees of complexity at which more sophisticated tools should be applied. Firstly, several applications and limitations of linear programming and dynamic programming are discussed. Secondly, it is shown that mass curve analysis is useful, can be extended to serve in computing reservoir rules for conventional multireservoir simulation models, and can be applied in conjunction with either historic or generated sequences of hydrologic input data. Thirdly, extended and limiting features of conventional time‐interval‐by‐time‐interval multireservoir simulation models are analyzed. And fourthly, a two‐model series for problems which defy analysis by more basic tools is described in detail, the first model using network analysis (Out‐of‐Kilter Algorithm) for all space and time arcs simultaneously and providing data for the second general‐purpose model using network analysis each time interval. The importance of efficient computer procedures is stressed. The background for the paper includes systems analysis of water availability and hydro‐thermal power studies carried out during the past six years in that part of Canada lying between the Great Lakes and the Rock

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1972.tb05975.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.An investigation of the hydraulics of gorge‐type reservoirs was conducted with scale models. Reservoir shapes were moulded within a large basin. Water was circulated using a centrifugal pump‐motor unit and uniform sediment (specific gravity 2.65) with mean diameters of 0.20 mm and 0.60 mm were utilized. Observations were made to study sedimentation patterns from the commencement of sediment inflow until the final stage of a fully silted reservoir. In particular, the mode of deposition of the sediment beds, the mechanics of transportation and sediment bed slopes were investigated. These aspects of reservoir siltation were examined in relation to the factors which influence it, which included sediment characteristics and flow parameters. Bed slopes and flow depths were analyzed by various methods; the Kalinske equation in conjunction with the Manning and Einstein‐Barbarossa relations as proposed by Doland‐Chow produced the best

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1972.tb05976.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.This paper outlines an approach to planning the management of a lake heavily used for recreation and of substantial importance to the tourist economy of Northeastern Wisconsin. A framework, utilizing a three dimensional matrix, is developed to analyze levels of public concern, management alternatives and action agencies. Structural and non‐structural alternatives are examined and evaluated on the basis of social and economic criteria, long‐ and short‐term environmental impact and legal‐political feasibility. Data requirements which created the necessity for an interdisciplinary approach involving social, physical, and biological sciences are enumerated. The authors examine the role of universities in assisting communities with resource management planning and detail the attributes of academic institutions which desire to successfully attack resource planning p

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1972.tb05977.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.A mathematical model to predict water quality in a surface‐groundwater system is under development. This project is being sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency. The ultimate goal of this study is to obtain cause and effect relationships between pollutant sources and the ensuing concentrations at different locations in a basin. Several programs are used to model the various hydrologic processes occurring in nature, namely: rainfall, runoff, flow in surface bodies of water, infiltration, and groundwater flow. At every time step in the simulation, the water quantity computations for the above hydrologic models are performed first. Subsequently, the results of these computations, typically in the form of flow velocities, are used as input to the water quality calculations. The water quality routines involve the modeling of the associated physical, chemical, and biological processes. In this study, emphasis is being placed on pollution in agricultural areas. Accordingly the Lake Apopka basin in Central Florida is being used as the application sit

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1972.tb05978.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.As demands upon available water supplies increase, there is an accompanying increase in the need to assess the downstream consequences resulting from changes at specific locations within a hydrologic system. The problem is approached in this study by hybrid computer simulation of the hydrologic system. Modeling concepts are based upon the development of basic relationships which describe the various hydrologic processes. Within a system these relationships are linked by the continuity‐of‐mass principle. Spatial resolution is achieved by considering the modeled areas as a series of subbasins. The time increment adopted for the model is one month, so that time varying quantities are expressed in terms of mean monthly values. The model is general in nature and is applied to a particular hydrologic system through a programmed verification procedure whereby model coefficients are evaluated for the particular system. In this study the model is applied to the Bear River basin of western Wyoming, southern Idaho, and northern Utah. Comparisons between observed and computed outflow hydrographs show good agreement. The utility of the model is demonstrated by predicting the effects of various possible water resource management alternatives. The verified hybrid computer program can be digitized for application to the digital compu

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1972.tb05979.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.A hybrid computer program was developed to predict the water and salt outflow from a river basin in which irrigation is the major user of water. The model combines a chemical model which predicts the quality of water percolated through a soil profile with a general hydrologic model. The chemical model considers the reactions that occur in the soil, including the exchange of calcium, magnesium, and sodium cations on the soil complex, and the dissolution and precipitation of gypsum and lime. The chemical composition of the outflow is a function of these chemical processes within the soil, plus the blending of undiverted inflows, evaporation, transpiration, and the mixing of sub surface return flows with groundwater. The six common ions of western waters, namely calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg++), sodium (Na+), sulfate (SO4=), chloride (Cl−), and bicarbonate (HCO3−) were considered in the study. Total dissolved solids (TDS) outflow was obtained by adding the individual ions. The overall model operates on a monthly time unit. The model was tested on a portion of the Little Bear River basin in northern Utah. The model successfully simulated measured outflows of water and each of the six ions for a 24‐month period. The usefulness of the model was demonstrated by a management study of the prototype system. For example, preliminary results indicated that the available water supply could be used to irrigate additional land without unduly increasing the salt outflow from the basin. With minor adjustments the model can be applied to other hydrologic

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1972.tb05980.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Despite radical differences in water laws, water management agencies, approaches to water planning, and financial resources, Mexico and the United States forged a common program to manage water and related land on the Rio Grande. Actions of Rio Grande Commissions related to stream gaging, boundary definition, and multiple‐purpose construction projects are among the more successful international water‐management efforts in the world. Cost‐sharing arrangements promoted rapid completing of international works. However, joint action accomplished only part of expectations. International developments were competitive rather than complementary until basin water appropriation was virtually complete. Moreover, Commissions were not empowered to consider long‐range competitive water needs, or regional water requirements, throughout the basin. International groundwater use coordination does not exist. International structures produce less than anticipated benefits. Hydroelectric generators are financial liabilities, irrigated acreage exceeds dependable streamflow, and soil salinization is experienced. Unanticipated environmental changes occurred in every major program. The Rio Grande experience points to the need for society to specify goals to which the use of water should contribute and to specify priorities for water use among different sectors of river basins and various segments of

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1972.tb05981.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Studies to determine frequency characteristics of regulated streams at points within a stream system require the use of flow routing models. This study compares several different flow routing methods using data from six river reaches. Results indicate that approximate flow routing methods yield good flow estimates when compared with observed flows. The unit response method, recently introduced, performed as well as other approximate methods for all reaches studied and gave better results for reaches subject to power releases.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1972.tb05982.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1972

数据来源: WILEY