摘要:

ABSTRACT:In 1972, the U.S. Geological Survey began a pilot program of river‐quality assessments. The objectives of the program are (1) to define the character, interrelationships, and apparent causes of existing river‐quality problems, and (2) to devise and demonstrate the analytical approaches and the tools and methodologies needed for developing water‐quality information that will provide a sound technical basis for planners and managers to use in assessing river‐quality problems and evaluating management alternatives.The most noteworthy finding of a pilot assessment of the Willamette River basin, Oregon, was that across‐the‐board advanced waste treatment was not the answer to the problem of meeting stringent water‐quality standards established for the river. The assessment also found that existing water‐quality data generally are inadequate for defining the critical cause‐effect relationships that control river‐quality problems and that intensive, synoptic surveys keyed to local problems and conditions would be required in most river basins to develop an adequate information base for managing important river‐quality problems. The study illustrated that rigid nationwide standards and regulations are likely to result in unneeded expenditures in some river basins and in undesira

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb05556.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The current 201 study by the Bergen County Sewer Authority illustrates possibilities for improving the currently defined relationships between 201, 208 and 303 studies.The Bergen County Sewer Authority serves 115 square miles in northeast New Jersey, providing sewerage service to 507,000 people in 43 municipalities. Its STP discharges to the Hackensack River, a tidal estuary recently classified as Water Quality Limited, and which receives significant non‐plant loading.The subject 201 study is concurrent with 208 and 303 planning by NJDEP. Preliminary evaluations show that detailed 201 work can affect the conclusions of 303 and 208 studies, and that a wider (environmental ‐ social as well as economic) interpretation of cost‐effectiveness can demand re‐examination of prior assumptions and decisions, a task not typically part of 208–303 work.Increased flexibility is needed in applying 303 and 208 recommendations to defining 201 studies and NPDES permit criteria, particularly in analysis of water use objectives, water quality parameters and future flows, loadings and facility costs. Further, perception of alternatives can be clarified by broadening analysis of costs and control and plant strategies. Inclusion of 201 planning at all stages of regional planning can synergistically improve the total plannin

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb05557.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Studies on the responses of zooplankton to dredging are summarized and discussed. Design criteria for studies intended for impact assessment require careful consideration of sampling due to the highly variable spatial and temporal distributions of zooplankton. It is suggested that ocean dominated systems present different research requirements than those estuarine regions which have endemic zooplankton populations.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb05558.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Liquid dominated geothermal systems are expected to account for most of the growth in geothermal energy production in the coming decades. Production of water from such systems could significantly augment fresh water supplies. The feasibility of water exploitation is clouded by potential problems related to seismic impacts, land subsidence and the composition of geothermal brines. If these problems can be overcome at little cost, desalination of brines may be feasible. Estimates of water production costs are presented for a variety of desalination technologies, plant sizes and brine water compositions. These estimates show that production costs will range from $139.10/A.F. to $436.00/A.F. at the plant boundary. Economies of scale and brine composition are important determinants of cost. Production costs are substantially in excess of the value of water in alternative uses. However, in certain unique situations, it may be efficient to desalt brines for use in upgrading the quality of municipal water, industrial process water and irrigation water. Unique situations aside, geothermal brines are not likely to provide an economical source of fresh water in the absence of striking changes in the patterns of supply and demand for water.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb05559.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Many rural areas of the United States still have no public domestic water systems. Typical land use patterns in these areas may require 1/2 mile or more of pipe per farm connection. Public systems serving these areas are economically feasible only if realistic short‐term peak demand standards are available for their design. The lack of reliable data upon which to establish such criteria has resulted in a large variation in criteria among state and federal agencies involved in financing and in approving construction of these systems. During the summer of 1975 three distribution laterals of a rural system in Utah were master metered and instantaneous peak flows were recorded for 4 months. The metered lines served 4, 12, and 22 farm houses each. The frequency distribution of peak flows has been analyzed and compared with that developed during similar research in Mississippi and with the existing design standards of the Farmers Home Administration and the State of Uta

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb05560.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This paper evolved from a concern that water resource administrators and planners do not have a consistent definition of the value of goods and services of outputs from projects and programs. A more flexible approach to planning and evaluation is presented that recognizes the interaction of production and consumption through the use of commodity demand curves. Use of the concept of consumer surplus permits measurement of the differential impacts on producers' and consumers' welfare. Quadratic programming is suggested as a consistent means of quantifying these differential impacts.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb05561.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Four methods of determining rainfall‐excess are considered. They include Ø‐index and equations of Horton, Kostyakov and Philip. These methods are utilized in a nonlinear kinematic wave model to predict surface runoff from two natural agricultural watersheds. The effect of determining rainfall‐excess on surface runoff response is then examined. It is observed that errors in rainfall‐excess constitute a major source of error in runoff prediction. The choice of a method of determining rainfall‐excess is thus crucial to runoff c

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb05562.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:During the winter of 1972 nutrient concentrations beneath the ice, and snow when present, were measured at three stations in Lake St. Clair. Nutrient patterns are compared and discussed in relation to primary production.Typically nutrient concentrations were high for a few weeks after ice formation and high again in the spring with mid‐winter declines. At station 3 soluble reactive silica appeared to influence primary production and chlorophyll a. Nutrient limitation was not detected at the other two stations. The nutrient patterns, primary production and temperature provide evidence that a water mass or plume peculiar to the inflowing Thames River moves down the southeastern side of the lake beneath the ic

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb05563.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:When the sequent peak procedure is used to size a reservoir, two cycles of inflows and drafts are analyzed. The use of two cycles results in the identification of the minimum reservoir capacity which, when simulated with the design inflows and drafts, will not only meet demands, but will also result in a final storage which equals or exceeds the initial storage. Demonstration of optimality follows from consideration of a method which is equivalent to the sequent peak procedure.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb05564.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A methodology for obtaining the optimal design value to allow for sediment storage in a reservoir is presented for the situation where no data on sediment loads in the incoming streams are available. Information concerning the amount of sediment delivered to the reservoir over its life‐time is obtained by a sediment yield model which uses data on rainfall amount and duration obtained from a nearby experimental watershed. Bayesian Decision Theory is used to obtain the optimal storage requirements in order to consider the natural variation of rainfall and the sampling error due to the short rainfall record available. The normally difficult calculations involved were made tractable by the use of simplifications and approximations valid in the context of the problem. Results show that sediment storage requirements can be calculated in this manner and that consideration of the uncertainties involved leads to a storage requirement substantially larger than that calculated without such consideratio

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb05565.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY