摘要:

ABSTRACT:Hydrogeology is concerned largely with ground water and, as ground water occurs in a geologic environment, an understanding of the geologic fabric and framework is essential to its development and use. But ground‐water flow, discharge, recharge, response to pumping and other related matters, including salt‐water encroachment, are described by mathematical formulas and tested by engineering techniques. Until both the sciences of geology and engineering hydrology were far enough advanced to be of practical help, in the late 1800's, hydrogeologic progress was stymied. Additionally, an economic need for hydrogeologists was required before a demand developed for such scientists. With the opening of the West in the late 1860's the demand came. Hydrogeologists were needed to find irrigation water for the arid lands. Concomitantly, in the South, ground water was needed for growing rice, corn, and cotton. The rapid growth of cities, especially in the North, required hydrogeologists to find safe supplies of clean, pure water to replace polluted surface‐water sources. By the early 1900's engineering techniques and equipment needed to drill and pump the deep wells and to evaluate the aquifer pumping tests were available, satisfactory for the times, but clumsy and awkward by modern standards. By 1912, the beginning of the “Meinzer Era,” the U.S. Geological Survey had developed into the foremost governmental scientific organization in the world and its small cadre of hydrogeologists were world leaders in their science. A wealth of information concerning the history and development of the science was summarized by Meinzer (1934). Oscar E. Meinzer, regarded as the Father of Hydrogeology in America, was the third Chief of the Ground‐Water Branch (1912–194

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00743.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Hydrologic variables are related through a complex set of dynamic processes. Due to this complexity, empirical, usually statistical, models are used for the synthesis of records or extentions of short‐term data. Two statistical models applied are the power function and the exponential function of a hydrologic variable expressed in terms of streamflow. Parameters are usually estimated using least squares analysis on a linear relationship between a logarithmic transformation of the variables. This procedure produces biased results when used to predict an individual value or the long‐term mean. Assuming the errors of the linear model are normally distributed, the bias is derived and is shown to result from the inverse transformation process. For cases where the errors are not normal, a nonparametric approach is used to estimate the bias. Evaluation of the implications for water quality, sediment and streamflow forecasting show the magnitude of the bias to vary with the particular application and to be significant in a few cases. Use of this simple technique for sediment discharge did not provide accurate results and should be questioned in general. Since no general conclusions can be drawn from this study as to when the bias is significant, evaluation in each situation is recommended as standard practice in hydrologic regression when a transformation is appl

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00744.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A linear two‐parameter relation in log space between volume and peak of direct runoff was established and verified on 134 basins in the United States, Australia, Greece and Italy. The intercept of this log relation was found to be strongly correlated with such basic characteristics as drainage area, channel slope and channel length; more than 86 percent of variance was explained. The log volume‐log peak relation can be used to explain linearity or nonlinearity of drainage basins, estimate peak discharge from data‐scarce basins, identify hydrologically similar or dissimilar basins, estimate sediment yield from upland areas, and construct unit hydrographs and unit sediment graphs for ungaged b

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00745.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The water policy process should weight and integrate a full range of social, economic and environmental considerations in defining the public interest. In practice, isolated elements of this process are performed by the existing legislative, administrative and judicial processes. Neither individually nor together do they do all of it. Until the political process defines the public interest, perceptions will persist that we do not have national water policy or a unified process for developing it.We have yet to mount a legitimate organizational attack on the problem of policy coordination and institutional fragmentation on a national scale. Experience with the U.S. Water Resources Council and Title II river basin commissions taught that we must develop a better understanding of the roles of public policy and policy leadership in a democratic society. We must specifically go beyond putting administrative agencies together to talk about watermanagementto putting the main constituencies together to talk about waterpolicy.The political and economic leadership of the Red River Valley of the North have undertaken to provide unified policy direction for water use and management for their 60,000‐square‐mile region. The guiding concept was provided by the author, who also intervened in the role of organizer. An enthusiastic constituency formed for the process when it was established that the process began at the local level and it was the Valley's own responsibility to make it work.This paper describes the approach used to organize the policy process in the Red River Valley and analyzes the response. It concludes that the bottom‐up philosophy of this administration will readily take root if prototype initiatives like the Red can be undertaken elsewhere and if our political and economic leadership, who must take the initiative,receive guidance and support at the local level and on a regional scale, It concludes that the “basin approach” will prove valid if “local statesmen” acquire the means to instit

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00746.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The lower 4 miles of the Red River, a tributary of the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico, was designated as one of the “instant” components of the National Wild and Scenic River System in 1968. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), as the managing agency of the wild and scenic river, was a participant in a general water rights adjudication of the Red River stream system. The BLM sought a federal reserved water right and asserted a claim to the instream flows necessary to protect and maintain the values of the river. Instream flows are not recognized under New Mexico water law.Instream flow requirements were determined by several methods to quantify the claims made by the United States for a federal reserved water right under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. The scenic (aesthetic), recreational, and fish and wildlife values are the purposes for which instream flow requirements were claimed. Since water quality is related to these values, instream flows for waste transport and protection of water quality were also included in the claim. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Instream Flow Incremental Methodology was used to quantify the relationship between various flow regimes and fish habitat.Experience in this litigation indicates the importance of using state‐of‐the‐art methodologies in quantifying instream flow claims. The incremental methodology held up well under technical and legal scrutiny and is an example of the latest methodology that was applied successfully in an adjudication. On February 23, 1984, the parties involved in the adjudication entered a precedential stipulation recognizing a federal reserved right to instream flows for the Red River component of the National Wild and Scenic Riv

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00747.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Groundwater pumping constitutes approximately 100 percent of the water supply in the Tucson Active Management Area (AMA), Arizona. The current annual overdraft approaches 250,000 acre‐feet, but the goal of the AMA is to eliminate the overdraft by the year 2025. Urban water reuse, if implemented by only 30 percent of the area's projected population, would reduce the annual ground‐water overdraft by 25,000 acre

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00748.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Regulatory water quality management has placed fairly extensive information expectations on routine, fixed‐station monitoring without a corresponding emphasis being placed on the need to design monitoring systems to meet these expectations. To correct the situation there is increasing interest in developing more quantitative monitoring system design procedures which incorporate the statistical nature of sampling. In examining the development of such quantitative criteria, this paper describes the roles of statistics in a systematic approach to monitoring ‐ initial design and routine reporting of results ‐ and reviews the use of statistics in each. The paper emphasizes the need to tie the two together, via statistical design criteria, in order for the identified information expectations to be met in a statistically sound manner. However, the use of statistics in water quality monitoring is noted as currently being as much an art as it is a sc

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00749.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A mechanical drum‐type data logger registers data on a recording chart in graphic form. Subsequent computer analysis requires that the data be transformed into digital form. Besides the traditional manual chart‐interpretation techniques, electronic digitization can be used for data transformation. Our paper reports an algorithm for rectilinear digitization of event‐recording charts whose time lines are inherently arc shaped. Using this algorithm, we obtained accurate data transformations from repeated tests of digitizing hydrographic charts at the Watershed Laboratory, Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky. Our experience has shown that ‐ in terms of speed and accuracy ‐ this computer‐based procedure is superior to available alternative

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00750.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:First order drainage channels originate when the tractive force exerted by flowing water is sufficient to move surface sediment. The amount of runoff available to move sediment is a function of geologic and climatic characteristics. An experimental analysis showed that soils derived from fine grained rocks had lower infiltration rates and higher runoff volume than soils derived from coarser grained rocks in a semi‐arid climate. Root density and penetration increased in a more humid climate and increased infiltration rates. The number of first order channels was inversely proportional to the infiltration capacity of the soil.Each first order channel acts as a source area for surface runoff. The distribution of first order channel distances from the gage determines the timing of the delivery of water to the gage. A comparison of the frequency histogram of first order channel distances for drainage basins in Pennsylvania and their hydxographs of runoff from general storms showed marked similarity. This close correspondence indicated the shape of the surface runoff hydrograph and was largely controlled by the distribution of first order channel distance

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00751.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Societal trends indicate an increased need for university water researchers to develop and improve working relationships with state legislatures to help ensure that water related legislation is based on sound water resources information. Recommendations for providing technical support to state legislatures on water resources issues include: the necessity for researchers to take the initiative; the importance of researchers capitalizing on existing linkages; the need to maintain a continuous link between key legislators, legislative staff, and researchers; and the need for researchers to provide comprehensible information in a timely manner.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00752.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY