摘要:

ABSTRACT:Urbanizing river basins in the west are encountering serious water quality degradation resulting from the expanded water utilization. In order to avoid aggravating such conditions, water quality controls need to be implemented. The important questions are, therefore, where and how to impose such constraints on the urban and agricultural sectors to achieve the desired level of pollution control. An application of the model developed to address such questions is made in the Utah Lake drainage area of Central Utah as a test of the model's utility. The region is subdivided into five major sub‐basins containing both municipal and agricultural water demands. A submodel of each sub‐basin is developed which optimizes the water quality control strategies by linking the urban to the agricultural uses and then evaluating the levels of control for each sector. From these results, a cost‐effectiveness function for each sub‐basin is generated. By jointly considering the cost‐effectiveness relationship for each sub‐basin, an optimum policy for the entire basin is

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00608.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Studies were conducted to determine the distribution of fish in the New and East Rivers in relation to thermal discharges from Appalachian Power Company's fossil fuel plant at Glen Lyn, Virginia. Over 15,300 specimens representing 41 species were collected with seines, electrogear and rotenone at six sampling locations from February, 1973 to October 1973. Sampling frequency was designed to evaluate the effects of ambient temperature upon preferred temperature. Diversity indices were calculated for each location. There was a slight decrease in the diversity indices for those stations located in the thermal discharge. Condition coefficients calculated forNotropis albeolusJordan,Notropis rubellusAqasaiz,Notropis spilopterusCope,Ictalurus punctatusRafinesque, andEtheostoma blennioidesRafuesque were found to be significantly (p =.05) lower in the thermal discharge for all species tested exceptE. blennioides. Temperatures were plotted against frequency of capture to determine a particular species temperature selection from field data and indicated that: (1) Some species avoided high temperatures (i.e.,Curnpostoma anomalumRafuesque). (2) Some species were attracted to high temperatures (i.e.,Ictalurus punctatus). (3) Some species distribution was not effected by temperatures (i.e.,Notropis spilopterus).

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00609.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Opinion or attitude surveys and observations of people's actions are complementary research tools, but they often provide different results. This was the case where two communities, one rural, one suburban, made waste water management decisions which would promote population growth while survey data indicated that community attitudes were neutral or slightly opposed to population growth. Observation of action, and expanding the range of survey response variation revealed that the structure of both community opinion and action was primarily influenced by small groups of people with very strong feelings favoring and disfavoring population growth. Those with very strong feelings were the ones observed to be acting to promote or retard growth.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00610.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The Monte Carlo method is a procedure which takes advantage of the high speed of electronic computer in solving complex problems in physical and mathematical fields. A rigid technique to determine whether a random point falls within an arbitrary‐shaped boundary is not available. This study is to present a new technique which can be used to determine whether a random point falls within any shape of boundary, together with its range of application. A modified fixed random walk procedure is also developed to solve the problems of groundwater movement. A flowchart and computer program are also demonstrated. Comparisons of this newly developed method are made with other approximate solutions. The results indicates that the new technique is more applicable and powerful than other method

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00611.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:In this study the estimation of parameters in water quality models represented by linear first order partial differential equations is investigated. Two sets of simulated input‐output data, one with input noise and the other with output measurement error, were used. The parameters were estimated by a gradient technique (Bard's method) and a pattern search technique. The results indicate that the output measurement error significantly affects the values of parameter estimates as compared to the noise added to the input. Bard's method consistently gave results with a smaller sum of square valu

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00612.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A major objective of this work was to develop a method applicable to the Intermountain region for estimating the probability of n consecutive dry days, where n ≤ 30 days. One result was a computationally simple method of producing the desired estimates directly from the rainfall record. For a consecutive dry‐day period of n days, these estimates are equivalent to those obtained from a Markov model of order n‐1. The efficacy of a simple Markov model was also evaluated. In this climatic region, the simple Markov model produces probability estimates of consecutive dry days that are too conservative, especially at long dry‐day periods. In this data set, it was found that the longer the dry‐day sequence, the more conservative the Markov estimate. The source of these conservative estimates is the strong dry‐day persistence, which is characteristic of summer weather in the Intermountain region. In this region, the best estimates of the probability of consecutive dry days are probably those obtained directly from a representative rainfall record and smoothed by the partial sums of a fou

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00613.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The stochastic nature of some water quality time series were examined. These time series include nine years of daily observations in: (1) the stream flow (Q), (2) the water temperature (T), (3) the dissolved oxygen (DO), and (4) the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the Passaic River at Little Falls, New Jersey. It was found that the random component contributes more than 60 per cent of the variance in the BOD series, but only 30 per cent or less in the DO series. Autocorrelation analysis suggest that DO and BOD residual series have a persistence of about 30 days. Significant crosscorrelation between DO and temperatureTwas found when DO lagsTfor up to 30 days, which indicates that the critical DO probably lags the critical temperature. Also, spectral anlaysis shows multiple peaks in the BOD series, reflecting effects of storm runoff and other non‐point source pollution on river water qualit

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00614.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Up to date there are still not many instances that can be found on the practice of a totally closed system of water supply, treatment, and reuse. In the United States, this is partly because the Public Health Service has discouraged such a practice. However, are there sound scientific reasons to support such a decision or is it purely a matter of psychological reason? Are the treatment technologies available today able to achieve the integrated closed system at a reasonable cost, yet without risking the public health? Are there some extra precautions that must be taken in practicing the direct reuse for the drinking purpose? These questions are discussed in this article. Current available technologies for advanced waste treatment are briefly reviewed and the treated effluent qualities obtained by the authors and others are used as a focal point of discussion on the feasibility of practicing the closed system. For this purpose, the treated effluent qualities are compared to the “Ranges of Promulgated Standards for Raw Water Sources of Domestic Water Supply” which have been used by the Public Health Service and several state regulatory agenc

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00615.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This paper describes the philosophy, algorithms, and implementation of a computer‐oriented land use forecasting‐water policy simulation model. The model is applicable to SMSA's organized on a census tract basis by counties. The forecasts are macro to the census tract level for industrial, residential, commercial and public land uses, and are dynamically altered by hypothesized water management policies. Modeling is based on an economic data base of the region, and is extremely flexible for the user. An example set of simulations is included for illustrative purpo

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00616.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Early attempts at nutrient budget modeling considered only the case where there was no loss of the material by sedimentation, i.e. the substance was assumed to be conservative. Nonstratified and stratified conditions have both been investigated under these terms. An elegant model, taking into account loss of a substance by sedimentation as well as flushing was presented by Vollenweider in 1969. Although this model has several shortcomings, it is particularly valuable because it can have immediate practical value in terms of water management policy development. These basic shortcomings in the model are analyzed and suggestions are made to alter the model to take these factors into account.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00617.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY