摘要:

ABSTRACTBenefits from recreation facilities are often estimated by multiplying the estimated number of user‐days by an administratively determined dollar value per user‐day. Such a method requires accurate estimates of total visitation to a proposed facility. Bayesian decision analysis provides a convenient statistical framework in which estimates of recreation visitation estimated using different methods can be combined to provide a more accurate estimate than that obtained from a single source. A Bayesian framework also provides the means of determining the optimal, with respect to a preselected cost function, number of interviews (including zero) that should be conducted in the primary market area. The procedure is demonstrated for a hypothetical recreation site in southern Indi

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01730.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis work assesses economic losses due to diversion of Snake and Columbia river waters in low, normal, and high‐flow years, using a seven‐dam, twelve‐time‐period dynamic programming model, and data for power generation and pollution abatement. The power generation data is derived using 1972 cost

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01731.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTRaw sewage was metered into a newly‐constructed lagoon of the Pima County Department of Sanitation, Tucson, Arizona. Seepage losses were calculated from data on inflow, evaporation and change in storage. Water samples were obtained from shallow suction cups, a 40 ft. and a 60 ft. PVC well and a 100 ft. access tube, all located inside the lagoon. Samples from these wells, together with water samples from the lagoon, were examined for conform organisms and various physical and chemical constituents. Of special concern were transformations in nitrogen. Estimated seepage rates in the lagoon during inundation ranged from 0.20 ft. per day to 0.10 ft. per day. Water level observations in wells reflected the percolation of effluent to the water table, 70 ft. below land surface. Initially, the nitrate ion levels in the suction cup samples were high, manifesting the leaching of indigenous soil nitrogen. With the onset of anaerobic conditions at the base of the lagoon, nitrification was inhibited at the soil surface and ammonia became the predominant form of nitrogen in the soil solution. Sorption of ammonium ion appeared to occur on clay particles in a soil zone of high cation exchange capacity. There were no undesirable microbial or chemical effects of recharge from lagoon seepage on native groundwater qualit

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01732.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA linear programming model for a river basin was developed to include almost all water‐related economic activity both for consumers and producers. The model was so designated that the entire basin or basin sub‐division could be analyzed. The model included seven sectors, nine objective function criteria, and three river‐flow levels. Economic basis for conflicts among sectors over incidence of cost allocation and level of economic activity can be traced to some chosen objective. The disposal of untreated household waste water, particularly from the rural household, directly into the river was consistent with maximizing net benefits and minimizing costs. The optimum resource allocation, water‐treatment plants, farms and industry activities would change with flow level. For each of the three industries analyzed separately, paper, wool and tanning, public treatment of industrial waste water was the optimal treatment process in one or more of the solutions. Lake shoreline was the dominant feature determining lake‐resource valuation. Implied capital value varied from $126 per shoreline foot to over $250 depending on discount rate. Implied prices on lake surface ranged from $42 to $147 per acre. Strong economic forces encouraged small lot sizes for vacation

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01733.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTScientists usually regard all water as merely passing through, but in different phases of, the endless hydrologic cycle. The law divides water in the cycle into several different classes. Each is treated separately and generally without consideration of interconnections existing within the cycle. Different rules of law have arisen concerning the ownership and use of each legal class. Under Texas law several classes of surface and ground water are recognized, and weather modification efforts bring yet another class, atmospheric moisture, under consideration. It is instructive to follow water moving through the hydrologic cycle in the Nueces River basin, Texas, as a framework for discussing the substantial interconnections between the various legal classes of water and the difficulties that arise from attempts to apply different rules of law to each class. Strictures imposed by Texas water law can seriously interfer with coordinated, efficient use and management of water resources, as evidenced by the Nueces River basin. Well‐recognized, existing water rights in the several phases of the hydrologic cycle make change of these institutional constraints difficult to achiev

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01734.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01735.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA synthetic storm rainfall hyetograph for a one‐year design frequency is derived from the one‐year intensity‐duration curve developed for Cincinnati, Ohio. Detailed rainfall data for a three‐year period were collected from three raingages triangulating the Bloody Run Sewer Watershed, an urban drainage areas of 2380 acres'in Cincinnati, Ohio. The advancement of the synthetic storm pattern is obtained from an analysis of the antecedent precipitation immediately preceding the maximum period of three selected durations. Rains which produced excessive runoff at least for some duration were considered only. The same approach can be used for other design frequencies. The purpose of this study is to provide synthetic storm hyetographs to be used as input in deterministic mathematical models simulating urban storm water runoff for the design, analysis and possible surcharge prediction of sewer

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01736.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTRainfall, stream flow and groundwater have been sampled systematically throughout Nebraska since 1970 and analyzed for mineralNandPand the character of any sediments contained. FalloutNandPin rainfall ranges from 5–14 poundsNand 1 poundsP/A/yr, increasing from west to east across the state with increasing rainfall. The amount ofNH4‐Nis essentially double that ofNO3‐N.The mean concentration of 2ppmNin rainfall is four times the meanNconcentration of streams, demonstrating a substantial depolluting action of soils and growing crops. Where nutrient levels of streams are elevated, cause can usually be traced especially to industrial, sewage or livestock waste intrusion and not to crop production practices. The only significant quantity of nutrientNandPinduced by cultivation is that accompanying sediments from eroded fields. ThePcontent of Nebraska groundwater has remained essentially constant during the past 10 years while averageNO3‐Nhas increased slightly, a period during which farmer fertilizer use quadrupled. During the same time, irrigation acreage has increased by 50%, livestock numbers by 30%, with corresponding growth in human population and attendant industries. Indications are that irrigation practice has contributed more than any other factor to the small increase in groundwaterNO3‐Nrecorded. Individual cases do exist where groundwaterNO3‐Nhas increased substantially, especially in areas of intensive irrigation agriculture on very sandy soils and elsewhere with irrigation development in the proximity of ancientNO3‐Ndeposits in mantlerock above th

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01737.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTNecessary input parameters for studying mixing zone characteristics of thermal plumes are horizontal surface and subsurface water velocities. Using time lapse aerial photography and analytical photogrammetric techniques, movements of drogues in an effluent plume were traced. From these traces accurate velocity vectors were obtained. Photographic coordinates of drogue images were measured using a glass scale. From the photo coordinates and the results of a ground control survey, an analytical solution was made for positions of drogues in the water at known intervals of time. Drogue positions were mapped for selected exposures thereby providing a visual display of velocity vectors in the study area. A rigorous error analysis was performed to determine the validity of the computed results.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01738.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1973.tb01739.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY