摘要:

ABSTRACT:Water resource development has progressed to the stage where various human factors are now being considered in reservoir design and operation. The introduction of human factor objectives complicates the problem since they are noncommensurate with other objectives and they are difficult to identify quantitatively. Some of the problems that now arise concern the proper methods for consideration of several different, sometimes subjectively identified, objectives in reservoir planning. The classical systems analysis approach to decision making for multiple objective problems is outlined and the inherent difficulties associated with multiple objectives and subjective estimates are identified. Techniques being used in reservoir design and operation are reviewed and discussed. An alternate technique for considering noncommensurate, subjectively identified, objectives, which relates the objectives in terms of real trade‐off costs and eliminates the need for a priori estimates of objective worth is then presented. The method is illustrated with three examples, including a reservoir operation problem and a cooling tower design proble

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00632.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The empirical fit of an annual harmonic function to stream temperature measurements in central New England can be improved by considering a harmonic period of less than 365 days instead of 365 or 366 days. Generalized equations, developed using periodic temperature data from 27 streamflow stations, allow predictions of stream temperature at any site given (1) the mean basin altitude (E), in meters above mean sea level, and (2) station latitude (LAT), in degrees. Stream temperature t, in degrees Celsius, on day number d, in days starting with January 1, is estimated as:in which, M = 31.48 – 0.0025 (E) − 0.4635 (LAT) with standard error of estimate of 0.62°C, and τ= 1228.88 – 21.01 (LAT) with standard error of estimate of 14

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00633.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Some 96 flood events larger than the mean annual flood from 16 watersheds in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania were used to derive unit hydrographs by the least‐squares method. Analyses of the unit hydrographs were conducted to ascertain their response to watershed parameters, climatic and storm variables and locations within different hydrologic regions. Significant differences both within and among watersheds led to the formulation and testing of hypotheses stating that differences among watersheds are caused by physiographic differences while differences within watersheds result from climatic and storm differences. The analysis showed, that while many watersheds parameters strongly influence the shape of the unit hydrograph, only the storm variables duration and volume of precipitation excess produce significant differences. Seasonal differences were apparent but not proven statistically significan

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00634.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:To investigate the magnitude of denitrification and assimilatory nitrate reduction as these reactions relate to the fate of nitrate reaching sediments via groundwater seepage, undisturbed core samples of sediments (40 cm length) from two lakes (Mendota and Tomahawk) were leached from the bottom (at 1.4 cm/day) with a solution of15N‐nitrate (10 mg N/liter). The sediment columns were fitted with Pt electrodes to measure the oxidation‐reduction (Eh) potential. While leaching removed considerable ammonium‐N and soluble organic N, essentially no15N had passed through the columns by 50 days. The Eh readings indicated that denitrification was occurring in the lower portions of the columns. The15N distribution of the sediment N after 50 days showed that about 15 to 26% of the added nitrate‐N was converted to organic N and ammonium‐N. The data show that denitrification can be a significant N sink in seep

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00635.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The 15 federal‐state interagency river basin studies (designated as Type 2 or Level B in the planning program of the Water Resources Council) of the 1960's brought together in each of the study regions, in many cases for the fist time, state and federal water resources agencies, and afforded an opportunity for coordination. Examination of the studies, however, reveals that many organizational problems remain to be solved in preparing truly comprehensive plans that effectively integrate and balance the diverse values held by study participants and concerned citizens. Burgeoning changes in state and federal laws, in planning concepts, and in public attitudes influenced the studies. Increased interest in the environment and greater emphasis on a multiple objective approach to planning for example, had significant effect. The type of organization used for carrying out these studies was a coordinating committee with one of the agencies ‐ in most cases, the Corps of Engineers, ‐ serving as lead agency. Some of the observed weaknesses of this arrangement were the lack of an effective mechanism for screening individual agency project proposals; unbalanced participation of agencies ‐ for example, construction vs. non‐construction, state vs. federal; agency representatives without sufficient delegated authority; insufficient control of the planning organization over individual agency participation and punctuality; and lack of emphasis on plan formulation and public participation. Suggested improvements, some of which are already being implemented in more recent studies include centralized planning staff and funding, formalized work agreements, a dynamic and continuous planning process with mechanisms for monitoring technological and social changes and evaluating planning effectiveness, planning guidelines and evaluative criteria, and a formalized training program for

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00636.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A Management level model has been formulated in which a system analysis format is employed to answer some of the basic questions regarding urban water management strategies The model incorporates a multilevel optimization scheme to coordinate urban water supply, distribution, and wastewater management. A test of the model's utility is made in an application to the water management problems of the Denver, Colorado metropolitan area. Denver has utilized both agricultural transfers and transmountain diversions to supplement the natural stream resources of the South Platte River. Although plans are being made to increase the capacity of these sources, increasingly stringent standards on the area's effluents are enhancing the feasibility of reclaiming and recycling a portion of the wastewater. The urban model used in this study indicates the decision points at which respective strategies are introduced. However, by formulating the model from a planner's viewpoint, the most important results gained from the analysis are the costs of various institutional constraints which may restrict the decision maker's ability to implement optimal policies.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00637.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:During the summer of 1971 about 150 water samples were examined for total and fecal coliform bacteria in the Upper Illinois Waterway at 19 river stations. The data per station were found to be normal geometric distributed. Bacteria densities changed with sampling dates and generally decreased with water movement downstream. Several sewage treatment effluents made marked pulses along the bacterial die‐off curves. The observed fecal coliform results were evaluated in terms of the Illinois Pollution Control Board's standards. The FC:TC ratio on the waterway for each station were presented. Using Chick's Law, coliforms death rates were estimated. Efforts to correlate observed total and fecal densities with temperature, flow, algal densities, dissolved oxygen, and 5‐day biochemical oxygen demand were not successful. (KEY TERMS: algae; biochemical oxygen demand; coliform bacteria; dissolved oxygen; flow; stream survey; temperature; water pollution; water quality standa

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00638.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Participation in water‐based recreation activities does not arise in random fashion nor simply as a result of having a water resource immediately available. Neither do individuals and groups engage in the same activities or a specific activity in the same way. The purpose of the present paper is to describe an alternative framework whereby differences among recreation users can be identified. Prior to this time, research directed toward understanding participation patterns at a recreational site have emphasized the activities while ignoring the human behavior factors which determine how participation arises. People consider recreation sites to be leisure settings in which the definition of such places has a broader socio‐cultural meaning than that the site was designed. These definitions are reflected within the context of the social group and can be observed in the subsequent orientation to leisure and play. When activities are considered in the context of a human group, differences in participation patterns can be discove

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00639.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The degradation of many lakes is the result of aging processes which have been accelerated by the activities of man. Where it is too late to prevent sedimentation and eutrophication problems, lake rehabilitation and protection comprise a resource management option warranting serious consideration. A Wisconsin Lake Renewal Demonstration Project has been evaluating several rehabilitation schemes for the past five years. A selected summary of Project lake rehabilitation activities, including nutrient inactivation, dilution, aeration, and several types of aquatic plant management, suggests the present status of lake rehabilitation.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00640.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The behavior of intercepted snow on a stand of uneven‐aged ponderosa pine in east‐central Arizona was evaluated with the use of a super 8‐mm time lapse movie camera to determine the relative significance of snowfall interception in the water yield of this type forest. A snow load index was developed to estimate interception storage for two trees in the field of view for discrete time periods. The snow load index. photographs, and climatic data were combined to describe accumulation and to identify and rank according to relative magnitudes the basic processes of canopy snow removal. The rate of snow accumulation was nonlinear with initial storage being rapid. then slowing with time. Most of the intercepted snow eventually reached the snowpack on the ground by snowslide and wind erosion or by snowmelt and subsequent stemflow and drippmg of meltwater, and was therefore not considered a significant loss to the water budget on site. Some water apparently was disposed of by the evaporation of meltwater and sublimation of canopy snow, but these losses appeared to be comparatively

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00641.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY