摘要:

ABSTRACT:Traditional procedures for evaluating flood damages to residential dwellings do not reflect intrinsic values when applied to historic homes. Such structures are worth more than that determined by using depth‐damage curves provided by insurance companies who assess damage values based upon current labor and material costs. The evaluation of the worth of a historic home and subsequent damages due to inundation can be regarded as a problem of externalities. An assessment technique reflecting historic amenities or what has been termed replication cost is proposed in this paper. Replication costs would have widespread use not only in solving flood dammage problems, but also in any study where historic entities are subject to damages from catastrophies such as hurricanes, soil and beach erosion, and increasing urbanization. If adopted as a technique, it would enhance and preserve the ever‐decreasing enclaves of historic homes and neighborho

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1978.tb02282.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Four ways of dealing with uncertainty in the resource planning process have been prescribed: to reduce it, to ignore it, to avoid it, and to convert it to risk as chance of occurrence for calculation in planning. This paper analyzes examples of water resource planning in the Connecticut River Basin to confirm, reject, or modify these prescriptions. The examples of planning chosen for analysis are navigation, flood control, and interbasin diversion for water supply. These confirm the desirability of reducing uncertainty, offer some support for strategies to avoid it and to convert it to risk, but do not support the desirability of ignoring it.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1978.tb02283.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Principal U.S. phosphate production is from central Florida where mining, processing, and waste disposal practices intimately associate the industry with water resouces. Available radium‐226 data from 1966 and from 1973–1976 in mined and unmined mincralized areas and nonmineralized areas in the primary study area in Polk, Hardee, Hillsborough, Manatee, and De Soto counties were studied using log‐normal probability plots and nonparametric statistical tests for significant difference as functions of time, depth, and location. Plots of radium in the water table and Floridan aquifers for mineralized and nonmineralized areas indicate that neither phosphate mineralization nor the industry is a probable factor. For the Lower Floridan aquifer, three separate radium populations are indicated with geometric means of 0.7, 3, and 10 pCi/1. Geometric mean radium‐226 content of the water table aquifer is 0.17 pCi/1. Radium in the Floridan aquifer in Manatee and Sarasota Counties is elevated relative to that in the water table and in other areas of Florida. For Sarasota County, geometric mean radium content of the water table is 15 pCi/l versus 7.5 pCi/l in the Floridan. Potential sources include shallow phosphate sediments and monazite sands and possibly crystalline basement rocks or other strata unrelated to phosphatic zones of current economic interest.The existing radium‐226 data base is rather marginal in terms of number and spatial distribution of analyses, particularly for the water table and Upper Floridan aquifer. Existing radium data do not substantiate widespread contamination of ground water as a result of the phosphate industry. However, local contamination associated with specific operations has

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1978.tb02284.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Legislative constraints on the development of water resources policy fit into three broad categories‐political, institutional, and informational. The political category encompasses constituency needs and preferences, satisfaction with existing water management practices and policies, and the necessity for legislators to blend political ambition with public problem solving. Constraints fitting into the institutional category include differences in legislative behavior and attitudes that stem from one's location in the legislature (e.g., senate‐house, leader‐follower, or committee activity), the dynamics of scheduling and organization, and the capability to manage complex issues. Informational constraints refer to the availability of information and the use to which it is put by lawmakers in formulating decisions on waterrelated issues. These constraints are approached from a behavioral perspective by examining several constituency, institutional, and information hypotheses that “explain” legislative involvement with water resources issues. The data are drawn from a recent study of water resources decision making in West Virginia. Eighty‐three of the 134 members of the 1975–76 West Virginia Legislature participated

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1978.tb02285.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The density and distribution of land uses has important consequences for the planning of sewerage systems and for the costs of these systems. This paper examines these consequences using a simplified service area model. The model determines the area to be served by a central waste treatment plant, where alternative on‐lot disposal systems are also available. The model is applied to various urban area configurations, which are summarized by their total populations and by their population density distributions. Both minimum regional cost and minimum local cost service area configurations are determined. In addition, the sensitivity of the model to the parameters of the cost and population density functions is assessed. It is found that the model is most sensitive to the parameters of the collection cost functio

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1978.tb02286.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A computer model capable of describing the behavior of pH‐determining parameters in an impoundment is presented. The steady‐state model, based upon principles of water chemistry, applies the complete‐mix concept to the routing of the chemical quantities, alkalinity and CO2acidity. An iterative procedure is used to account for surface mass transfer of carbon dioxide. A fourth‐degree polynomial is solved for the hydrogen ion concentration at each point of routed alkalinity and CO2acidity concentrations. Field data required to verify and apply the model are described, including an example application to the Loyalhanna Creek Re

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1978.tb02287.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Land, water, labor, and capital are optimally allocated to crops on a farm, using a procedure that also relates to irrigation frequency and level of improvement in the irrigation system. The procedure is based on formulating outputs and expenditures as well as the functions of irrigation frequency‐water and yield. The Generalized Geometric Programming is used to solve the objective function as nonlinear equations are involve

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1978.tb02288.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Irrigated agriculture is a major nonpoint source of surface water quality degradation. Nonpoint source discharges can be controlled by either output taxes or restrictions, or input taxes or restrictions. The economic theory of externality control with taxes or restrictions on input use is developed. The effectiveness of alternative input control policies in improving surface water quality is demonstrated with a mathematical model of the agriculture and water quality in Washington State's Yakima River Basin. Water quality parameters considered were river nitrogen concentration, water temperature, and cropland soil losses. Producer and social abatement costs were the most important measures of policy effectiveness.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1978.tb02289.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:An input‐output method, using a network of ideal continuous stirred‐tank and plug‐flow tublar reactors, is adopted to analyze residence time distribution data for a separated mechanical aeration system. The usefulness of this modeling concept is enhanced by its simplicity, especially in the presence of a first‐order reaction. This facilitates use of the model format for wastewater quality prediction. Moreover, first‐order rate constants can also be estimated from the model, if conversions due to the reaction rate are

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1978.tb02290.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:An investigation of treated municipal wastewaters discharged into Texas streams was conducted to determine the probable effect of concentrations of ammonia in receiving waters, based on existing data on ammonia levels which are lethal to various species of fish. Recorded data for most Texas cities were analyzed. Based on existing toxicity criteria for ammonia of 1/10 TLm= 0.31 mg/1 NH3‐N, employing known discharge flow rates, and 7‐day, 5‐year or 7‐day, 10‐year low flows in Texas streams, appreciable numbers of sites were found to pose a threat to various species of fish. Using the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) as a median tolerance limit species, data from 65 cities which met the aforecited requirements, were analyzed. Those included a total of 92 wastewater effluents. Sixty‐nine percent of those cities and 70% of their effluents exceeded the 0.31 mg/1 NH3‐N limit in the stream below the discharge point. Thirty‐seven percent of the cities equaled or exceeded the 96‐hour TLmconcentration limit of 3.1 mg/1 ammonia. Based on the 10 mg/1 NO3‐N standard for intake water for potable supplies, 32% of the effluents resulted in a stream concentration which exceeded 10 mg/1, assuming a straight conversio

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1978.tb02291.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY