摘要:

ABSTRACT:A number of aspects of the discharging of non‐oily wastewaters by transiting ships are treated in this overview paper. In the introduction, options to discharging (the use of holding tank, on board treatment) and the impact of changing regulations are discussed. Assessment of the effects of sewage discharges on coastal waters required that data, at first not available, be generated. An account is given of the characterization of Navy shipboard wastewaters and of experiments involving sewage discharges at sea, measurements of water quality before, during and after an amphibious operation, and fore and aft of transitting Navy ships. A better understanding of sewage dilution after discharge led to the verification of a method for controlled discharging of sewage (and other wastewaters). This method permits limiting the coliform bacteria count in the ship's wake to values below acceptable limits. The final sections contain information on long range effects of ships’sewage discharges, obtained in studies by the U.S. Navy and others, as well as public health considerati

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb02020.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A relatively simple nonlinear equation was fitted to 468 stormflows larger than 0.05 area inches on 11 forested basins from New Hampshire to South Carolina, providing a predictive method for use on forest and wildlands in humid regions. Stormflow in area inches (Q̄) was:where R is the mean value of Q/P for all P larger than one inch, P is storm rainfall in inches, and I is the initial flow rate in ft3/sec/mi2. S.E. was 0.3 inch of stormflow. Peakflow was similarly estimated, S.E. 26 ft3/sec/mi2. The R‐index method is proposed as a practical tool in forest and wildland management. Similar to the SCS runoff curve number method, the R‐index method requires no prior assumptions about infiltration capacities of forest lands, but calls for the mapping of all first‐order streams for the average storage capacity index R, i.e., the mean hydrologic response of the source areas. Tested against the runoff curve method on four independent basins, predictions by the R‐index method were considerably more accurate when field information normally available to planners and managers was used in both

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb02021.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Federal planners, in proposing the massive main stem Missouri River water developments in Montana and North Dakota, promised economic and social benefits to the local residents. Five main stem dams, Fort Peck, Garrison, Oahe, Big Bend and Fort Randall, were evaluated for community and rural development effectiveness. Thirty‐seven development factors were examined and improvements noted. Only small differences were noted between areas with water developments and the control area. Further analysis revealed that water development benefits moved downstream and to existing urban areas. The Missouri River's rural areas and small communities were not developed significantly by the water projects. Several problems associated with water development policy were illustrated by the study. Cultural differences between planners and the population impacted were ignored. Second, the allocation of social costs was not considered and related to this, serious geographic maldistribution of benefits and costs resulted. The differences between pre‐development promises and development performance was dramatic. While the large dams remain as landmarks to engineering prowess, the projects need to be evaluated for their success in meeting humanistic development objectives. Major redevelopment may be warranted by such an ex‐post evalu

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb02022.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Results from studies in the Illinois‐Indiana and Texas‐Oklahoma areas indicate that satellite microwave observations at the 1.55 cm wavelength are responsive to relative moisture variations in the near surface layer of the soil. Because significant vegetation cover absorbs the 1.55 cm microwave emission from the soil, the target area must be predominately bare soil or low density vegetation cover for meaningful measurements to result. The 25 km resolution of the satellite sensor limits application of the microwave techniques to large areas such as watersheds or agricultural districts rather than individual fields. In general, at 1.55 cm. there is an inverse relationship between microwave brightness temperature and changes in soil moisture levels (as indicated by antecedent rainfall) in agricultural regions before the planting of crops or during the early growing season when vegetation cover is sparse. Even early season observations should be of great value in deciding on the time and type of crop planting and for initial irrigation scheduling when the root zone is still in close proximity to the surf

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb02023.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The previous paper in this two‐part series presented the basic information of a newly developed mathematical model of multiple‐use in natural areas. The model is a unified system for the assessment of cases where development is proposed for relatively natural areas. This paper presents the results of an application of the model to a study of the proposed timber harvest in the Great Santec Swamp in South Carolina. This was done in an effort to demonstrate the utility of the model as a planning and assessment tool. Four potential uses of the Swamp were investigated: logging of hardwood saw timber, hunting, fishing, and nature observation. The model system proved to be extremely useful in the evaluation of potential management schemes and in the selection of the most promising or optimal management p

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb02024.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Data from three ice‐covered stations in Lake St. Clair were collected to evaluate the effect of ice and related variables on phytoplankton production. Primary production, phytoplankton standing crop, irradiation and temperature were measured from January to April, 1973. Mean production values ranged from 0.74 mgC/m3/h at station 1 near Mitchell Bay to 3.4 mgC/m3/h in waters at stations 2 and 3 below the Thames River mouth. A similar pattern was observed in chlorophyll a concentration, the mean values ranged from 0.63 μg/1 at station 1 to 2.1 and 1.3 μg/1 at stations 2 and 3. Temperature stratification occurred at the three stations. However, the temperatures at station 1 were consistently more than a degree warmer than at the other two stations. Irradiation was low, having a mean value at the sampling depth of .075 ly/min. The data is interpreted to indicate that the ice‐bound phytoplankton were adapted to the low irradiation. It is suggested that the variation observed between stations is related to the formation of a plume by the Thames River and differences in nutrient loads carried by the St. Clair and Thames R

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb02025.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Ground‐water pumpage withdrew 57 cubic feet per second from aquifers beneath the Yahara River Basin in 1970. Forty‐six cubic feet per second were exported by the diversion of treated wastewater from the drainage basin.The low‐flow hydrology of the upper Yahara River has been impacted by this diversion. Prior to 1959, the wastewater was discharged into the river, augmenting the baseflow during low‐flow periods. As much as 85% of streamflow was due to effluent discharge. In 1959 the wastewater was transferred from the river basin. The result was a decrease of about one‐third in mean annual streamflow, and a decrease of more than 50% in the 7Q2and 7Q10. Regression analysis showed the annual 7‐day low‐flow and 60‐day low‐flow have a statistically significant correlation with mean annual flow. Using predictions of future mean annual discharge of the river with increasing interbasin transfers, it is shown that by 1990 there is a significant probability that in some years the 60‐day low‐flow in t

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb02026.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A hydrologic budget was prepared for two geologically different wetland basins in eastern Massachusetts for the 1971 water‐year. Water table conditions prevailed at one wetland underlain by peat while an artesian system functioned at the other wetland which was underlain by muck. Hydrologic responses were generally similar at both wetlands, although each functioned differently in detail. Both wetlands exhibited high spring discharges and depressions of low flow. Ground water accounted for an estimated 93% of the total annual discharge from both wetlands; in late summer the peat deposit recharged the regional ground water body. Evapotranspiration in the spring was retarded in probable consequence of the extreme wetness of the wetland soil

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb02027.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A study of residential canal system on the Mississippi Gulf Coast and adjacent natural water bodies was conducted to determine the relationship in flushing characteristics between man‐made and natural systems. The comparison was based on measurements of temperature, salinity, conductivity, coliform, pH, transparency, biological oxidation demand, dissolved oxygen, bathymetry, tides, water velocity, and Rhodamine dye concentrations.The results indicate that coliform bacteria increase with increasing distance of stations from St. Louis Bay and dissolved oxygen decreases in a similar manner. Biological oxidation demand was low at all stations; showing no differences between natural and man‐made systems. The canal system Studied was shallower than adjacent water bodies and water velocities in the canal system are a function of tidal amplitude while velocities in the river are affected by both tides and runoff. The other parameters measured show little or no differences between natural and man‐made systems, but reflect overall seasonal changes.Flushing rates between the residential canal systems and an adjacent natural system are equivalent on the basis of decline in dye concentrations measured over a five‐day

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb02028.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Continuous rainfall patterns are currently simulated by approximating them by stair‐stepped (piece‐wise) patterns. The effects of this approximation on infiltration and runoff processes are not well known. A new technique for simulating smooth‐variable intensity rainfall patterns is presented. This technique is based on the fundamental principles of a moving water head in a container. The proposed technique is general and capable of simulating any rainfall pattern. However, as the rainfall pattern gets more complicated, the equipment required for simulation becomes more involved. The proposed technique has been tested experimentally. A close agreement was found between the theoretical and experimental simulations. It is concluded that the proposed technique might be very useful in studying the infiltration and runoff processes under variable intensity rainfall, especially for simple convex pat

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1977.tb02029.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY