摘要:

ABSTRACT:Pierre Perrault, member of a bourgeois provincial family whose roots were in the Touraine region of France, grew up in Paris. One of six illustrious brothers, all characterized by brilliance and diversity, he was educated as a lawyer but turned to finance and rose to a high position under King Louis XIV. Owing to political naivete and financial imprudence, he fell into disgrace and went bankrupt. He then became an amateur scientist and wrote a book on the origin of springs. This book broke almost wholly with the traditional authoritarianism of 2, 000 years'standing, and set hydrology on the modern path of observation and direct experiment, He developed the concept of the hydrological cycle, correctly accounting for the disposition of rainfall by evaporation, transpiration, ground‐water recharge and runoff. Some of his ideas about specific processes were erroneous, but where he was wrong his errors were logically based. Much of his contribution to the foundation of scientific hydrology has been overlooked or distorted by historians and hydrologists alik

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb05623.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A technique for using the rotiferPhilodina acuticornisas a bioassay organism is described. The rotifer was exposed to a range of concentrations for each of 14 toxicants. The effects of the heavy metals cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver and zinc were studied. Based upon 96 hours exposure in soft water the sensitivity of the rotifer to the metals from the most toxic to least toxic was: cadmium, mercury and copper, zinc, silver, nickel (chloride), chromium, nickel (sulfate), lead and colbalt. In hard water with 96 hours exposure the most to least toxic respectively were: cadmium, copper, mercury, chromium and lead. The 48 hour EC50value suggests that zinc will follow mercury in relative toxicity whenPhilodinais tested in hard water. In a comparison of the toxicity of the chloride and sulfate salts of cadmium, nickel and zinc in soft water cadmium sulfate and zinc sulfate were more toxic after 96 hours; nickelous chloride was more toxic than nickelous sulfate. Increased water hardness decreased the toxicity of the heavy metals studied. The results suggest that this rotifer may be more sensitive than the bluegill sunfish to the salts of cadmium, copper, nickel, zinc and chromium and less sensitive to lead. Data for cobalt, silver and mercury were not available.Philodinawas extremely tolerant of ammonium chloride and phenol. The feasibility and economics of using an inexpensive, readily cultured and available organism such asPhilodina acuticornisas a bioassay organism were discussed.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb05624.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The adsorption of phosphate on particulate matter from the Illinois and Spoon Rivers was investigated. Adsoprtion reached equilibrium after 5 to 6 days and adsorption isotherms were linear for both constant and varying amounts of particulate matter. Adsorption was maximum at pH 8.3 – 8.4 and minimum at 6.0. Rates of adsorption were influenced by the equilibrium concentration of phosphate‐P and were essentially the same for the Illinois and Spoon Rivers. However, the quantity of phosphate‐P adsorbed per unit weight of particulate matter differed for the two streams with that in the Illinois River exhibiting an adsorption capacity 7 times that of the Spoon

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb05625.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:An auto‐regressive model has been developed for hydrologic data simulation. The model is computationally easier, parsimonious in number of model parameters and more stable in statistical characteristics than the existing auto‐regressive model. The proposed model was used for synthesizing 10 sequences, each of 100 year length, of monthly flows for the river Beas. The statistical parameters were calculated using 49‐year historical record for the river. The data was also synthesized using existing auot‐regressive model. The synthesized sequences have been compared. The results indicate that the proposed model is as good as the existing auto‐regressive model in preserving the mean and standard deviation of historical record. It is further shown that the proposed model requires less parameters than the auto‐regressive model for simulation of long‐te

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb05626.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Ridge regression analysis is used to investigate the stability of regression estimates over twenty‐three years of data in a target‐control model. Two target stations in the Wind River Range in Wyoming are studied using two sets of control variables. The predictive ability of ridge regression analysis is compared to that of ordinary regression analysis. The results of this study indicate improved stability of the estimates of ridge regression over ordinary regression. The predictive ability of the ridge regression estimates is as good or better than regression estima

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb05627.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb05628.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb05629.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A present concern in decision making processes for forest land use is the environmental effects of land use activities on water, air, and the land itself. Criteria for evaluating the magnitude and detriment of environmental impacts are not definite since it is often difficult to isolate a particular activity as the cause of a particular impact. Instead, interactions between various forest practices must be considered along with their integrated impacts. In order to provide an effective decision tool, the College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, is modeling the forest ecosystem of the Snohomish River Basin located in the Cascade Mountains of western Washington. The project consists of a general system model comprised of subsystem models dealing with product conversion processes, forest production processes, recreation supply processes, wildlife and fisheries supply processes, and the interactions of these processes with water and the atmosphere. The system model is interfaced with a computerized multiple player management game which enables land managers, manufacturing managers, and regulation agency personnel to make management decisions and respond to indications of lack of environmental control. Responses of the hydrologic system to various management decisions are simulated by the water subsystem model. The responses being considered include surface flow quantity and water quality. The model emphasizes the monitoring of non‐point as well as point source impacts rather than predicting short‐term hydrographs. The significance of impacts vary with land use patterns and the goals of the game player. Therefore, the model has flexible resolution and is able to predict hydrologic conditions for both large and small scale. The water subsystem model responds to management decisions by interpreting the effects of management options selected by game players for 40‐acre cells within the Basin. The model then determines which streams are immediately affected, defines the watersheds contributing to these streams, and extracts from a resource data bank the information needed to define model parameters. Using these parameters and precipitation inputs, mean flow discharge on a montly and annual basis is calculated for the impactcd sub watersheds as well as 21 major watersheds of the Basin. Water quality responses predicted for these watersheds include suspended sediment concentration, temperature increases due to stream exposure, dissolved oxygen concentrations, the effects of fertilization on nitrogen content, biocide and herbicide effects, and residues from product conversion proc

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb05630.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:One of the most significant changes m the field of hydrology in the past few years has been the increase m demand for basic data resulting from a new awareness on the part of planners, developers and managers of the essential nature of such data. For many years data collection has been an onerous, routine operation, following which the data were processed and stored ‐ either in publications or file drawers ‐ and the job considered completed. Two developments have changed that picture: the realization that we are drastically altering OUT environment, and the advent of the computer. The first forced us into a recognition of our need for accurate basic data and the second provided a new methodology for handling and using it. The change is evidenced m many ways and numerous activities are underway at both State and Federal level for all facets of the acquisition and handling of water data. The collection of basic data still involves hard routine work and a conscientious‐effort to maintain a high level of quality. Hopefully, recognition of the absolutely essential nature of an adequate data base will result in the continued enhancement of the basic data collector and the concomitant increase in support of his activ

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb05631.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb05632.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY