摘要:

ABSTRACT:The major objectives are (1) to identify the problems involved in measuring the environmental impacts of public projects from selected perspectives, and (2) to elaborate a sociological approach used in an empirical investigation in that respect. The construct of environmental impact of a planned action is generally operationalized from different perspectives and with different methodological emphases in the various disciplines. Even the term environment does not elicit agreement among users as to its exact meaning. Although there has been a steady increase in the number of studies from a sociological perspective concerning environmental problems, there is lack of sociological counsel in writing environmental impact statements. Overall, we lack sociological methodology and operational procedures for that purpose. In an attempt to bring some empirical focus to this field, attitudinal measures employed to discover how residents of a river basin perceived negative and positive environmental impacts of a proposed watershed development project are reviewed. These come from a study of creation of the Cooper Reservoir and Dam in Texas. Data on 343 heads of households m the selected areas were collected through structured questionnaires with items on personal information, a vested interest scale, a knowledge of the project scale, and an environmental impact scale. Data show that perception of impacts by residents is influenced significantly by degree of their vested interests involved. Variables for inclusion in a sociological model of environmental impact are suggested.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00584.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:This paper describes the techniques of factor and discriminant analyses to isolate and quantify the statistical differences between firms located on flood plains and those located off flood plains. The research effort described consists of three segments: data collection, isolation of potential classification variables, and the determination of the appropriate discriminant functions to classify a given fm as either on or off the flood plain. Significant classification functions are developed for both manufacturing and commercial establishments, whose arguments include dollar sales volume, total shipping cost, total employee cost, dollar valuations on the building and inventories, all on an annual basis, and the square footage of the site.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00585.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A user‐oriented research plan is presented herein. Its principal components are: (1) a mechanism for identifying social goals and translating them into research objectives; (2) procedures for setting priorities; (3) a program planning technique for designing projects to impact on important research objectives; (4) a mechanism for coordinating research activities of important research producers; (5) a structure for encouraging and establishing interdisciplinary team efforts when they are required; (6) a well‐coordinated technology transfer plan; and (7) an effective method for promoting and sustaining user‐researcher cooperation. Both basic and applied research designs are examined and criteria presented. The implementation of research plans is also discussed and various factors which play a role in implementation are outlined including: coordination, goal interpretation and priority setting, project Planning, Project review, interdisciplinary considerations and the user‐researcher in

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00586.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:In an earlier paper [1], the invariant imbedding concept was applied to the dynamic modeling of stream quality. In this approach, a set of weighting functions is introduced. The initial conditions for these weighting functions must be estimated. It has been found that these initial conditions influence the convergence rate tremendously. In many water quality control situations, the number of experimental data points are limited. In order to obtain the best estimates with limited experimental data, the best convergence rate should be used. In this work, the least squares criterion combined with various optimization techniques is ued to obtain the optimal initial conditions for the weighting functions. It is shown that the proposed schemes greatly improve the convergence rate.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00587.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A colonization basket sampling technique for quantifying macroinvertebrates in rubble bottom rivers is described. Basket samplers were compared to collections made using the Surber square foot sampler. Procedure for processing samples is described. Macrobenthos were more accurately quantified by basket samplers because both surface and subsurface habitats were sampled, no organisms were lost when samplers were removed from the river, substrata and associated fauna were retained for analysis, and the samplers were used efficiently in both pool and riffle areas. At the end of the colonization period the basket samplers contained one‐half cubic foot of river bottom and macroinvertebrates spatially arranged withi

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00588.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:It is the thesis of this paper that plan formulation is both art and science, and that to improve formulation, to develop better alternatives, the planner needs to both improve his creative capability and to think more systematically. Research into creativity by psychologist and social scientist has identified four aspects of creativity: the creative process, the creative product, the creative person, the creative situation. A review of research results on each aspect suggests several ways in which planners can improve the creative dimension of plan formulation. To improve the rational aspects of plan formulation a way of thinking is presented in the form of a conceptual model to assist the planner in systematically developing a broader range of plans. The major components are inventory, forecast and synthesis. The model utilizes the concept of a production function to provide information about the resource, management practices and its use.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00589.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Sensitivity and error analyses were used to examine the following objectives: (1) analyze the structure of commonly used evaporation models; (2) provide estimates of the effect of variation in meteorological factors on observed evaporation rates; and (3) estimate the effect of error in measurements of the meteorological factors. The results indicate error in evaporation estimates resulting from measurement error in meteorological factors is probably much less than five percent of the computer evaporation rate. Variation with both time and space of the importance of the different meteorological factors is demonstrated. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the Fractional‐Evaporation Equivalent method is structurally inadequate and the Weather Bureau model is more flexible than the Penman model. However, the Penman model appears to provide more realistic estimates of the importance of the various meteorological factor

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00590.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The income redistribution effects of waste water treatment grants are estimated for each state participating in five federal programs. Both gross and net effects per state and per capita are discussed. The impact of the tax structure used to finance such grants and the grant formulae are investigated.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00591.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:According to a concept known as partial area hydrology, watershed areas are separated into hydrologically active and passive subareas. The literature relating to the development of the partial area concept is reviewed briefly and the relationship of partial area hydrology to geology, soils, and micrometeorology is illustrated. The potential application of partial area hydrology is discussed with respect to present hydrologic techniques, future hydrologic models, urban hydrology, water quality, and water management. Suggestions for identifying and delineating the contributing areas are discussed.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00592.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A number of recent investigations have attempted to determine whether or not a relationship exists between water resource investment and economic growth. Reasons for the disparity in the conclusions of these investigations are examined. The degree of balance in an investment strategy may be a primary cause of the disparity in the conclusions and in determining the extent to which investment in water resources induces economic growth. Providing definitions of balanced and unbalanced investment strategies that involve water development is complicated by the polarity associated with the terms and the wide spectrum of possible components in an investment strategy. Interpretations of the polar concepts of balance and imbalance are provided and form a basis for examining the potential role of water resource development in an investment strategy and the ability of water investment to induce economic growth.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00593.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY