摘要:

AbstractSeveral researchers have called for an interdisciplinary approach to the study of disaster. In this article, the authors discuss conceptual issues related to stress, distress, and disaster; survey pertinent contributions by reseachers; and provide a rationale for the use of a comprehensive, psychoepidemiologic model of distress as a possible means of systematizing research in the area. A review of the model's components, which include exposure to stressors, vulnerability, and psychological and social resources, is presented. Various ways to implement the model practically and methodologically in disaster research also are discussed.

ISSN:0090-4392    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(198704)15:2<99::AID-JCOP2290150202>3.0.CO;2-Q

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper presents a 21/2‐year intervention case study of an attempt to establish an alternative work setting for the unemployed in Brisbane (Australia). There were four distinct phases of the intervention's life cycle. The phases are described, and an analysis of the structural features of the organization is presented. Goal conflicts are noted as a limiting feature of alternative work settings. Effective leadership with a group that is, in design, transient is also noted as a structural problem with the intervention. Positive features of the intervention seem to outweigh the negative, and the approach is recommended for us

ISSN:0090-4392    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(198704)15:2<123::AID-JCOP2290150203>3.0.CO;2-6

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper presents two analyses relating the subjective experience of life events to self‐reported illness using data from a large panel study. First, the effects of improving and worsening life circumstances on illness are compared. Experiencing relatively improved life changes over the past year decreased the tendency to report illness; experiencing relatively worsening life changes did not increase reporting tendencies. Further analysis suggests that short‐term setbacks may be rationalized away as being temporary, but that longer‐term, worsening life circumstances cannot be so easily disposed of. With all variables considered, individuals who had undergone 2 years of worsening life changes and for whom the future looked equally bleak had a 49% chance of reporting illness symptoms; those for whom both the past and future were bright had only a 7% chance of reporting illness symptoms. These findings are discussed as being a function of appraisal, mastery, and control mechanisms that mediate the stress/illness relatio

ISSN:0090-4392    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(198704)15:2<132::AID-JCOP2290150204>3.0.CO;2-5

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Aftermath of Suicide Instrument was administered to subjects who had experienced the suicide of a relative or close friend, to a community sample, and to psychiatric social workers. There were a number of significant differences in responses of the bereaved and those of the community sample, suggesting that the bereaved may experience some community reactions as unhelpful. The responses of the social workers were generally congruent with those of the bereaved, indicating that they would be empathic and supportive in their contact. The most marked difference was that the social workers less often perceived suicide to be caused by mental illness than did either the bereaved or the community sample. The Aftermath of Suicide Instrument appears to be a useful tool in elucidating social and professional reactions toward suicide.

ISSN:0090-4392    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(198704)15:2<141::AID-JCOP2290150205>3.0.CO;2-4

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA model for predicting correlates of the attitude toward support, or network orientation, was tested on a group of 75 adolescent mothers. Past history of success in obtaining assistance, of contact with potential support providers, and of network stress was significantly related to network orientation. Network orientation was in turn related to the amount of support received by the younger (age 15–17) but not by the older (age 18–19) mothers and was unrelated to help‐seeking beh

ISSN:0090-4392    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(198704)15:2<149::AID-JCOP2290150206>3.0.CO;2-E

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSixty‐three key informants first identified the four most important problems confronting adults between the ages of 30 and 40 years and then responded to a series of open‐ended questions in relation to the two most important problems identified. Respondents then rated a list of life events and problem areas as to their seriousness and prevalence and identified those they viewed as most important. Respondent‐generated problems, in order of importance, were financial, employment, parenting, health/mental health, and marital. As examples of the qualitative outcomes of the open‐ended questions, responses are summarized in this article for two problems: financial and parenting. The two most important problems identified from the rating scales were financial troubles and divorce, followed by a number of items pertaining to mental health, child‐rearing, and marital problems. The discussion focuses on considerations of reliability and validity and on implications of the findings for the design of

ISSN:0090-4392    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(198704)15:2<161::AID-JCOP2290150207>3.0.CO;2-X

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe conceptual framework of Caplan (1974) was used to investigate social support networks and psychological well‐being in a sample of 142 parents in dual‐earner Mexican‐American families with children 12 years old or younger. Respondents completed a questionnaire that assessed network support, size, density, and effectiveness, and spouse support. Life satisfaction, positive affect toward family and work, and role conflict also were assessed. As predicted, spouse support and network effectiveness were associated positively with life satisfaction for both parents, and for mothers they were associated positively with positive affect toward family and work and associated negatively with role conflict. The differential meaning of social support systems for the well‐being of male and female parents in Mexican‐American dual‐earner families i

ISSN:0090-4392    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(198704)15:2<176::AID-JCOP2290150208>3.0.CO;2-E

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCurrent practice in program evaluation relies strongly on quantitative measurement and classical (sampling‐theory) statistical inference, methods that invariably fail to use all of the relevant information available to the evaluator. The use of Bayesian methods to combine inferences from quantitative and nonquantitative data is described and illustrated. The reporting of results based on multiple distributions that express contrasting assessments of prior information is recommended in order to acknowledge and control for differences in subjective points of view. Advantages of using Bayesian inference in program evaluation include the possibility of generating inferences when little or no quantitative data are available, its applicability to evaluation at all stages of program development, and its requirement that evaluators be explicit regarding the influence of qualitative information and alternative points of view in the evaluation of social program

ISSN:0090-4392    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(198704)15:2<187::AID-JCOP2290150209>3.0.CO;2-7

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of behavioral training on the acquisition, maintenance, and transfer of fire evacuation skills with mentally retarded adult subjects. Four subjects residing in a moderately supervised community living setting were taught to evacuate their apartments in the event of fire emergencies. A multiple baseline design across subjects was used to evaluate the impact of training on subjects' performance. Training components included instructions, modeling, behavioral rehearsal, feedback, and reinforcement. To facilitate maintenance of responding, all subjects received behavioral programming. Additional training was provided to facilitate responding during actual nighttime fire drills. To enhance the likelihood of generalization, all subjects were trained in their own apartments with actual and simulated fire cues. Assessment was carried out during daytime and nighttime hours. Day and night assessment of responding after treatment termination was also conducted. The results indicated a high level of mastery by all subjects across acquisition and response maintenance training, although only moderate levels of responding were noted during the nighttime period. Implications for future research efforts in the area of emergency responding in community settings are discussed.

ISSN:0090-4392    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(198704)15:2<205::AID-JCOP2290150210>3.0.CO;2-7

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated that symptoms of depression and anxiety can impede the recovery process of hospitalized medical patients. The purpose of this study was to identify those hospitalized patients who were more likely to be predisposed to these symptoms. Using a sample of 109 hospitalized women, the following hypothesis was tested: Depressive symptoms will be more prevalent among those who (a) had experienced the loss of their mother at 17 years of age or younger, (b) have been experiencing low marital companionship, or (c) have three or more children 17 years of age or younger at home. A contingency analysis revealed a significant relationship between early loss of mother and the development of depressive symptoms. Although marital companionship failed to differentiate between depressive symptom levels, a two‐way analysis of variance yielded a significant inverse relationship between marital companionship and depression in general. The number of children at home was not a significant predictor, either as a main effect or interactively with marital companionship. Implications for interventions are discusse

ISSN:0090-4392    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(198704)15:2<216::AID-JCOP2290150211>3.0.CO;2-0

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY