ISSN:0090-4392    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(198607)14:3<239::AID-JCOP2290140302>3.0.CO;2-M

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe United States Supreme Court ruled in 1972 and 1977 that there are five factors that should be taken into account in evaluating the validity of eyewitness evidence. These factors are (1) the opportunity to view the criminal at the time of the crime; (2) length of time between the crime and the identification; (3) level of certainty of the eyewitness; (4) the accuracy of the witness's prior description of the criminal; and (5) the witness's degree of attention during the crime. Research results have provided clear support for the applicability of the first factor, the witness's opportunity to view the criminal. However, research findings with regard to the other four factors are either contradictory, nonsupportive, or nonexistent. Findings are reviewed in light of the race of the witness and of the suspect, a potentially important factor not addressed by the Supreme Court, but often mentioned by attorneys and law enforcement officers. The possible contribution of racial attitudes and amount of interracial experience to the “own‐race bias” are discussed, as is the possible influence of race on the “fairness” of lineups. Several areas for which application of eyewitness‐identification research to the legal system have been suggested are reviewed. These include improving eyewitness identification procedures, increasing legal safeguards for suspects, selection of jurors who do not “overbelieve” eyewitness evidence, use of cross‐examination to ferret out errors in identifications, the judge's cautionary instructions to the jury, and expert testimony by researchers. The legitimacy of expert testimony and its imp

ISSN:0090-4392    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(198607)14:3<241::AID-JCOP2290140303>3.0.CO;2-5

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper is concerned with how experimental psychology ought to be applied to advance judicial sentencing policy and practice. Researchers must conduct studies that will help lawyers address the salient prescriptive issue: The appropriate sentencing policy for particular types of cases and the penalties that particular types of cases ought to attract. Related methodological issues also are considered, and principles that govern the operationalization of legal variables, the place of simulation, and the structure of statistical analyses are set out. Finally, there are guidelines for making recommendations from research. Psychological studies are reviewed within this framework and most research is found wanting; in particular, reference is made to the work by Konečni and Ebbesen. Until there are significant improvements, psychological research in sentencing will not be taken seriously

ISSN:0090-4392    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(198607)14:3<253::AID-JCOP2290140304>3.0.CO;2-W

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this paper we examine the development of “institutional law,” a recent corpus of doctrines and decisions by which courts have attempted to limit, restructure, and reform total institutions in the name of protecting individual liberty. We suggest that institutional law has reached a crucial stage in which legal decrees now must translate more effectively into institutional change. We use court‐ordered school desegregation of the southern United States as an instructive counterexample in a discussion of the procedural and structural impediments to the judicial reform of institutions. We conclude that institutional change requires much greater attention to applied social psychology than heretofore given it by the courts, and toward this end we propose a brief list of change‐oriented heu

ISSN:0090-4392    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(198607)14:3<267::AID-JCOP2290140305>3.0.CO;2-G

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe development of the concept of intermediate treatment is outlined and the specific sense in which the author uses the term is defined. A brief account is given of the origins and development of the scheme under consideration. The scheme then is evaluated in terms of four aims, which may be useful in considering the purposes of a social work agency's involvement in a criminal justice system. Some success is claimed for the scheme in respect of the aims of diversion and the provision of appropriate help. Success in respect of the provision of supervision and the reduction of crime seems to be more problematic.

ISSN:0090-4392    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(198607)14:3<278::AID-JCOP2290140306>3.0.CO;2-9

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn empirical study of the efficacy of social skills training (SST) with young male offenders in custody was conducted. Two forms of SST, a traditional approach and one with some elements of cognitive behavior modification, were compared with attention‐placebo controls (unstructured discussion), a no‐training group drawn from those judged suitable for SST, and an unreferred control group drawn from the remainder of the borstal population. A variety of pre‐ and post‐training measures were taken, including a wide range of personality measures, staff ratings of institutional behavior, frequency of institutional discipline reports, and ratings of role‐play performance. The two behavioral training groups improved significantly on the behavioral role‐play assessment, while the controls did not. Institutional discipline reports also improved for the two behavioral training groups, although a similar improvement also was found for the attention‐placebo controls. No other measures differentiated between the experimental groups; nor could any distinctions be drawn between the two forms of behavioral training on any measures. It is suggested that the improvement in behavioral ratings may have been a function of familiarity with role‐play, and, therefore, the only positive training effect — improvement in institutional discipline — can be attributed to an attention component. A number of explanations are offered for the lack of generalization of the training effects: It is further suggested that the cognitive training may have been particularly sensitive to a number of inhibiting factors. Finally, several suggestions for future experimentation and training

ISSN:0090-4392    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(198607)14:3<289::AID-JCOP2290140307>3.0.CO;2-2

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEarlier research has shown that whereas the elderly appear to be relatively protected from crime, they show the most concern about the crime problem. Research from a survey in Sheffield, England, which replicates these findings, is described. However, a contrast emerged between perceptions of crime on a general level and perceptions of area of residence and crime levels within it, which suggests that earlier distinctions between fear of crime and concern over the crime problem are valid. In general, it appears that while the public may express particular concern over the crime problem, perceptions of one's own risk are possibly underestimates. This, added to the lack of correspondence between perceptions of the crime problem and other variables, raises questions with regard to the validity of such indices, which are used commonly in market research, and the sources on which perceptions of crime are based.

ISSN:0090-4392    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(198607)14:3<300::AID-JCOP2290140308>3.0.CO;2-V

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper examines the efficacy of some established theories of decision‐making in relation to commonplace interactions that involve children. In particular, it is concerned with children's perceptions of danger in traffic. The authors analyze concepts such as “risk,” “danger,” and “hazard” and discriminate between “danger perception” and “risk‐taking.” Relationships among probability, blame and intention also are discussed. Various studies are reviewed, particularly those that bear on children's perceptions of danger, and some new empirical data on evaluations of children and adults as pedestrians and witnesses are reported. It is argued that when children are involved in accidents with adults, they are socially and legally disadvantaged because differences between adults and children are taken to reflect fault o

ISSN:0090-4392    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(198607)14:3<307::AID-JCOP2290140309>3.0.CO;2-7

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe handgun control statutes of the continental states of the USA in 1966 were coded and scaled for strictness, and strictness was found to be unrelated to the incidence of homicide (by any method) in 1960 and 1970. However, states with the stricter handgun control statutes were found to have lower suicide rates by firearm and lower suicide rates overall.

ISSN:0090-4392    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(198607)14:3<315::AID-JCOP2290140310>3.0.CO;2-1

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSocialization into an occupation proceeds through both formal and informal channels. In the case of the police, the formal agency is the training school, and the informal process results from assignment to operational service. In the UK, the latter begins early in the training period and occupies the bulk of the 2 years that a Police Constable is on “probation.” It is important to know how police training and the experience of policing affect the views of recruits if one is to assess the relevance of efforts at improvement and reform. There is a need to assess how the recruit acquires a “realistic” understanding of the police role. This article seeks to document in detail the evolution of the recruit's attitudes during socialization into the police role. The measures of attitude change gathered on a sample of recruits who were moving through the probationary period demonstrate a movement toward increasingly pragmatic conceptions of policing

ISSN:0090-4392    

DOI:10.1002/1520-6629(198607)14:3<319::AID-JCOP2290140311>3.0.CO;2-N

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY