摘要:

The apportionment of taxes on the various descriptions of property is an act which seems to require the most exact impartiality; yet there is, perhaps, no legislative act, in which greater opportunity and temptation are given to a predominant party to trample on the rules of justice. Every shilling, with which they overburden the inferior number, is a shilling saved in their pocket (James Madison, Federalist 10).

ISSN:0952-1895    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0491.1995.tb00213.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Local government entrepreneurship in China in the reform era is argued to have been, on balance, instrumental to growth and market‐oriented reform.1Economic factors are emphasized in explaining both its rise and anticipated decline. Undeveloped markets and established local state trading networks favored agencies of the local state in exploiting business opportunities arising from deregulation. However, market development and increasing autonomy of firms are now reducing the advantage of local government business agencies, and they face a diminished and changed rol

ISSN:0952-1895    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0491.1995.tb00214.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Health care systems in the postwar period have been governed by political bargains between the state and the medical profession that have delinzated their respective powers and jurisdictions. Recent health care cost containment reforms in Britain and Germany are altering these bargains, and thereby challenge the prerogatives and autonomy of the medical profession in health policy formulation and in administration of the health care systems. But these challenges to doctors' power and autonomy vary between the two countries. Britain's 1989 “internal market” reforms attack the corporatist bargain with physicians by introducing market mechanisms into the National Health Service and, at the same time, strengthening central state control of the health care system. In Germany, on the other hand, the government's 1992 reforms only partially breached the corporatist bargain with doctors in order to strengthen rather than destroy this governance arrangement. The government has tried to curb what it views as excessive power of doctors while still allowing them a significant degree of corporatist self‐governance. The reform efforts in both countries highlight some of the problems with different governance arrangements in health care systems and, more specifically, the difficulties associated with a market in health

ISSN:0952-1895    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0491.1995.tb00215.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The focus of this article is on the state as an actor that can create, rearrange or even destroy established structures of interest representation. Through small, often almost overlooked, and sometimes even failed interventions, governmental policies create a legacy that can serve as a springboard for further political action. This policy dynamic is triggered by “architectural” activities of the state, aiming at the structure of the interest group system. This kind of policy bears the potential not only to manipulate the structure, but also the preferences and strategies of interest groups so as to overcome their veto‐power. The case of German health care reform policies since the late 1970s is used to illustrate how suck a kind of governmental “design” has exerted a decisive impact on the structure of the policy field, culminating in an unexpected legislative success for the federal go

ISSN:0952-1895    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0491.1995.tb00216.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In France decentralization of the government was part of the socialist platform for the 1981 presidential election. The issue was immediately put on the agenda by the minister in charge of “interior and decentralization.” The law was published on March 2nd 1982. Ten years later, decentralization is considered a decisive reform toward the modernization of the state. Local governments are engaged in the process of learning the politics of autonomy. But the law maintained the prefet. Therefore the institutional pattern establishes two authorities in charge of the same territory at the level of “département” and “région.” It could be said that the goal of the 1982 reform was to authorize the expression of a local demand while the equality and qualify of public services would be preserved, thanks to deconcentration of the national apparatus. This scheme implies dramatic changes both in the local political system and in the national bureaucracy. The latest is reluctant to assess the evolution.In 1994 public administration in France is in transition. Its centralized structure and rationale has offen led to strategies directed toward the conservation of the old habits and privileges. The role of the prefect is still unsettled. Perhaps more important, serious institutional limits have been imposed on the proc

ISSN:0952-1895    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0491.1995.tb00217.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-1895    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0491.1995.tb00218.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-1895    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0491.1995.tb00219.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book review in this article:Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. By Robert D. Putnam, with Robert Leonardi and Raffaella Y. Nanetti.Regulating Unfair Trade. By Pietro Nivola.Trends in Public Sector Pay: A Study of Nine OECD Countries 1985‐1990.Public Management Occasional PapersThe Rebirth of Federalism: Slouching Toward Washington. By David B. Walker.Quiet Revolution in the South: The Impact of the Voting Rights Act, 1965‐1990. By Chandler Davidson and Bernard Grofman

ISSN:0952-1895    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0491.1995.tb00220.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-1895    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0491.1995.tb00221.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY