ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1991.tb00447.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTaxa can be characterized by character coupling represented in similarity matrices. The customary methods of testing equality of variance‐covariance matrices are based upon the multinormality assumption which is, however, frequently unacceptable in reality. Quadratic assignment procedures (QAP) have proved to be an alternative. They represent a type of computer‐based test and utilize a random‐permutation strategy to discover significant pattern correspondences between matrices. A comparison of the applicability of both testing methods requires an example with underlying multinormality. The samples of two species of land snails (Pulmonata, Helicidae), i. e.Arianta arbustorum(n = 104) andArianta chamaeleon(n = 36), fulfil this requirement. Four parameters of shape and two parameters of spiral change were determined in each shell. The data serve as the basis for similarity matrices (variance‐covariance, product‐moment and rank order correlations).The inspection of methods reveals that QAP are suitable for correlation matrices, but can be applied for variance‐covariance matrices with limitations only. Nevertheless, they are recommended procedures in taxonomy and evolutionary biology. Straightforward application, independence from distributional assumptions, and the possibility to test hypotheses of character coupling are advantageous features.The snail species are significantly discriminated by character coupling. Also, their parameters of shape and spiral change are morphologically integrated in a di

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1991.tb00448.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDrosophilaspecies were reared from, baited with and netted over sporophores of the fungal speciesPhallus impudicus.The presence and proportions of species varied between years, areas and methods. In the first year, 110 sporophores were used for breeding, and in the second year, 16 for baiting and subsequent breeding. 6417 specimens of 10Drosophilaspecies were obtained.Drosophila suhohscurawas reported from England to breed in stinkhorn, but did not breed in or was even attracted to it in Switzerland, suggesting a remarkable geographical variation in breeding substrate utilization.

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1991.tb00449.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe results presented in this study indicate that host choice significantly increases one of the fitness components (preadult developmental time) in females of the bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus). The host choice also affects the net replacement rate (Ro), as well as the intrinsic rate of increase (r). Using the method developed by Landeand Arnold(1983), we also measured the intensity of nonrandom association between host choice phenotypes and preadult developmental time.

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1991.tb00450.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn order to assess the controversial systematic position of the Savi's bat (Hypsugo savii), 43 ves‐pertilionid bats belonging to 10 species were analyzed by mean of isozyme electrophoresis. The results were interpreted in two ways: first, we found that the amount of genetic differentiation betweenHypsugoand the truePipistrellus(D # 0.719) is of the same magnitude as the mean distance which separates the other pipistrelloid genera (D = 0.738). Secondly, the cladogram based on these biochemical results confirms the splitting of these “pipistrelles”, asHypsugois more closely related toVespertiliothan to any other palearctic genus. The other species analyzed in this study group themselves in a different clade, includingPipistrellus, EptesicusandNyctalus.This phylogenetic interpretation presents a testable hypothesis, which could be confirmed by an analysis of other loci or other allied sp

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1991.tb00451.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDespite different phylogenetic origins, the mammals of Gabon and Guiana show very similar colour patterns. The coloration is closely correlated with several biological parameters: body weight, diet, and activity rhythm. The less dangerous the living conditions, the more easily perceptible are body colours. Within the same community, the degree of colour convergence between species of similar body size is very low among diurnal carnivores or between they and their prey, that is when interspecific encounters can be dangerous. In contrast, it is higher among diurnal terrestrial frugivores or folivores of similar size, than among those of unequal size. Owing to the few colours available, and to the regular size spacing between species, all species are arranged into narrow unicoloured size strata (indistinct colour or red), regularly alternating along the whole size range. Since most species of similar size are well differentiated from each other by ecology, each solitary animal can be sure that another having both the same size and colour is conspecific. The colour alternation does not exist when it is not useful: nocturnal, arboreal, or flying mammals.

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1991.tb00452.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe methods of G‐, C‐ and Ag‐staining of chromosomes and restaining of the same preparations by various techniques were used for karyological studies of mice and rats in Azerbaijan. Despite the seemingly stable karyotypes (2n # 40, 2n = 48 respecitively) respresentatives of the generaMasandApodemusexhibited karyotypic differences indicating that the traditional species in either case were represented by various forms. Two different cytotypes showing the differentiation of two taxonomic groups (presumably species) were observed in TranscaucasianMus.In the present paper they are termed as“musculus‐”and“abbotti”‐cytotypes.Three karyotypic forms having various locations of NOR's were established in the subgenusSylvimusof the genusApodemus.At the same time we failed to obtain the cytogenetic proof of presence of the European cytotype of the yellow‐necked mouse(Apodemus flavicollis)in this region. This result automatically removes the problem of interspecific hybridization ofA. sylvaticusandA. flavicollis, which was repeatedly discussed in the literature. The cytogenetic study of a Transcaucasian population revealed a system of intraspecific karyotype variation inA. agrarius.For the intra‐specific chromosomal polymorphism observed in the chromosome pairs 3, 11 and 12 ofRattus norvegicusour data support the view that variations of heterochromatic and nucleolus organizing regions rather than pericentric inversions are responsible for it. Wild rats(R. rattus)from an endemic Talysh population showed the normal 38‐chromosome k

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1991.tb00453.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1991.tb00454.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY