摘要:

AbstractThe adequacy of various phenetic and phylogenetic estimation methods was evaluated using simulated data sets. Two parsimony programs were used to construct maximum parsimony trees (WAGNER 78 and HENNIG 86). The CAFCA program was used to perform group‐compatibility analysis. Four UPGMA clustering strategies were employed. The simulation model GENESIS was used to generate data sets under different evolutionary conditions. The effects of input parameters and tree properties on the accuracy of the estimated trees were evaluated. UPGMA based on product moment correlations of unstandardized characters appeared to perform best, under all evolutionary conditions tested. The effect of input parameters on the accuracy was not very significant. Among the tree statistics the stemminess of the true tree appeared to be the most important estimator of accurac

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1993.tb00181.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNeutral mutation and evolutionary progressThe process and causes of regressive evolution are still under debate. Contrary to DARWIN'S original assumption, Neo‐Darwinian proponents make selection responsible for reduction. Biologically functionless structures like eye and pigmentation in cave animals deliver excellent material to study this problem. Comparison of regressive (eye, pigmentation, aggression, dorsal light reaction) and constructive traits (gustatory equipment, egg yolk content, feeding behavior) in epigean and cave fish (Astyanax fasciatus, Characidae) reveal a high variability of the regressive features in the cave forms. Contrary to this, the constructive traits are characterized by a low variability in epigean and cave fish. This difference is attributed to the lack of selection on regressive structures.The existence of an intermediate cave population between epigean and true cave fish ofA. fasciatusmakes possible the study of evolutionary rates. It is shown that the regressive traits do not evolve more quickly than the constructive ones do. On the contrary, constructive traits like egg yolk content are even more rapid because they are of great biological value in the cave biotope.Especially energy economy is claimed by Neo‐Darwinists to play a decisive role as a selective force. Comparison of the development of epi‐ and hypogean larvae ofA. fasciatusshows that the formation of a smaller and less differentiated eye in the cave specimens has no effect on body growth. Furthermore, even behavioral traits like aggressiveness, schooling, dorsal light reaction, or negative phototaxis, which all are not performed in darkness by the epigean ancestor, become genetically reduced in the cave fish.The principles of regressive evolution, loss of selection and increase in variability, play a central role in evolution in general. When biota with empty niches are colonized, stabilizing selection relaxes from the special adaptations to the niche inhabited before by the invading species. Variability may arise in these and is permitted as long as fitness is guaranteed. Such processes characterize adaptive radiation. Examples are given by the species flocks on isolated islands or in chemically abnormal lakes like those of the East African Rift Valley. Only secondarily, on the basis of the arisen variability, does directional selection promote the newly developing species into different niches. The loss of stabilizing selection is an important factor for the evolutionary process to be open for evolutionary pro

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1993.tb00182.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGenetic diversity in a pair of cirripede species, based on electrophoretic analysis of 25 gene loci, is higher forChthamalus stellatus, the species with a broader biogeographical distribution, and hence, with a broader ecological niche, than that ofEuraphia depressa. Comparing the genetic diversity withinE. depressawe again report a higher genetic diversity among the specimens exposed to solar radiation (living in the wider ecological niche) versus the specimens confined to the sheltered dark environments in caves or under boulders. The indices of genetic diversity used in this study are polymorphism, heterozygosity, mean number of alleles per locus and gene diversity. We conclude that the niche‐width variation hypothesis has been confirmed in this pair of species: genetic diversity is positively correlated with niche breadt

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1993.tb00183.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWithin the scope of a world revision of the genus groupCephalopsFallén, the pipunculid fauna of the Hawaiian islands was revised. All 36 species proved to belong to a distinct monophyletic species group within the genusCephalops, called thehawaiiensissubgroup. This subgroup seems to be endemic to the islands and probably originated from one founder ancestor. A cladistic analysis, based on characters of the male terminalia, resulted in a largely resolved cladogram where a number of distinct transformation series could be detected. A zoogeographical analysis, based on assumption 0 (Brooks parsimony analysis), 1 and 2 (Component analysis) agrees with the geological information, and the ancestry and colonization of the group throughout the history is discussed

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1993.tb00184.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWithin the Palaearctic Region, the Willow tit (Parus montanus) displays four vicariant forms of territorial song. 1. “Alpine” form (pure single‐frequency whistles, Fig. 5: 1) in the Alps and adjacent mountains to the East. 2. “Lowland” or “Normal” form (frequency change from high to low within one note, Fig. 5: 2) in the other parts of NW, Central and SE Europe. 3. In populations of N and E Europe as well as of W and E Siberia every individual bird uses ‐ so far as known ‐ both song types; this “Siberian” form (Figs. 1, 2) includes intergrades (Fig. 3). The comparatively type‐rich Siberian repertoire is found in a vast area from N and E Europe to the Amur River and Ussuriland in Siberia. 4. In song types of S Palaearctic Asia whistled notes dominate, as in the Alpine form, but the single notes contrast by marked differences in pitch (frequency jumps); this is the “Sino‐Japanese” form (Altai, China, Japan, Fig. 4). These acoustically defined groups of Eurasia comprise several morphological subspecies. Subspecies groups with the same song type are closely related.We hypothesize that the Alpine and Lowland song types developed in Pleistocene refuge areas in the southern Alps and in the Balkan Peninsula, respectively, both originating from the complex Siberian song type. According to this hypothesis, both extant Central European song types lost one note type of the Siberian song type (Lowland or Alpine, respectively). In contact zones and hybrid belts of Alpine and Lowland song, the Secondary Siberian song type occurs, which combines the Lowland and Alpine types.Marked song types, which cover vast areas, also characterize the closest relatives in the Nearctic Region, the ChickadeesP. atricapillus, P. carolinensisandP. sclateri(Mexico), the most southerly representative of Chickadees in America.P. carolinensisuses Sino‐Japanese song,P. atricapillus a derived form with only minor frequency jumps.The Willow tit probably evolved in the E Palaearctic Region, perhaps in the area of E China, Amur/Ussuri and NE Siberia, rich in diverse local taxa at present (songarussector; parts ofmontanussector;kamtschatkensissector, respectively, Fig. 5). The Sino‐Japanese song type was also developed here. Starting from this area,montanussettled the W Palaearctic Region, where the song types were modified as follows: loss of frequency jumps of the old Sino‐Japanese form, threefold geographical splitting into areas of Alpine, Lowland and Siberian song. Also starting from NE Asia, the Nearctic Region was colonized by at least two immigration waves. The first one resulted in the presentP. carolinensis, which introduced Sino‐Japanese song into the Nearctic Region. Considered not closely related toP. carolinensison genetic grounds, the presentP. atricapillusmay represent another immigrant from E Asia with already modified Sino‐Japanese song (minor frequency jumps). In the Nearctic Region, Alpine song occurs in Alaska, where it resembles much Alpine song in Siberia and the rare Alpine form in Japan. Territorial song supports the currently rejected assumption of conspecifity of palaearctic and nearctic Willow tits under the nameP. atricapillus. Despite allozyme differences,P. atricapillusandP. carolinensisbehave largely as a common biological species. In accordance with its peculiar song, the allopatricP. sclateriis attributed species status.Song structure in both themontanusandatricapillus / carolineniscomplexes of the Holarctic Region is highly conservative and gives even better insight into evolutionar

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1993.tb00185.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Labhardt, F.:Der Rotfuchs. Naturgeschichte, Ökologie und Verhalten dieses erstaunlichen Jagdwildes. Mit einem Beitrag über Fuchsbejagung von R. Kröger.Bubenik, G. A.; Bubenik, A. B. (eds.):Horns, Pronghorns, and Antlers. Evolution, Morphology, Physiology, and Social Significa

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1993.tb00186.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY