摘要:

SummaryIn the course of investigations described in the present paper was included every species of the Near East and Mediterranean genusAphanius, the Anatolian genusAnatolichthyssensu Kosswig and SözeR 1945, Burdur‐fish sensu AksLiray 1952 andKosswigichthys sensuSözer 1942.The analysis of morphological, cytological and other characters have proved the following species to be valid ones:Aphanius sophiae(Heckel) 1846,A. cypris.9(Heckel) 1843,A.fasciatus(Humboldt et Val.) 1821,A. iberus(Cuv. et Val.) 1846,A. apodus(Gervais) 1863 andA. dispar(Rüppell) 1826.By these investigations we may learn that the different cyprinodonts endemic to Anatolia belong to the genusAphaniusas well. In clarifying the relationship betweenAphaniusand the endemic group of Anatolian cyprinodonts numerous crossbreeding experiments were made from which were drawn the conclusions that: I. two groups of normally scaled AnatolianAphaniusexist, not being distinguishable from each other by external characters but only by sexual barriers (hybrid male‐sterility). They are so‐called sibling‐species. The one, living in the drainage of the river Kizilirmak/Easterncentral Anatolia has to be namedAphanius chantrei(Gaillard) 1895. The other one, occupying central Anatolia and parts of western and southwestern Anatolia has to be namedAphnius anatoliae(Leidenfrost) 1912.2. the so‐calledAnatolichthysand Burdur‐fish are not valid forms. They are scale‐reduced specimens belonging in the “formenkreis” ofA. anatoliaeas it is shown by different degrees of hybrid‐interfertility.3.Kosswigichthysis no funduline cyprinodont but a form very nearly related to AnatolianAphanius. Its systematical status will be pointed out in a separate revision of the tribeAphaniinias well aa the position of the other AnatolianAphanius.The different types of hybrid‐interfertility as well as hybrid‐intersterility may be explained by a hypothetical system of independently mendelizing genes which will form a well‐balanced complex in each population. These complexes became different, in part, depending on the period of evolution and degree of isolation‐conditions in which the different species and their populations were caused to live in the past. The mechanism by which these gene‐systems might have been changed is that of “substitution‐genes and transfer of gene‐function” (Kosswig 1947, see: Muller 1942).Regarding the characters “scale‐reduction” and “tooth‐shape” (tricuspid or conical) the opinion waa put forward that there might be correlations between the type of chemistry of the waters inhabited by the different populations and the degree of scaling. True fresh‐water populations never will show scale‐reduction (with one excep tion: the Göçpük‐population, which to‐day secundarily lives under fresh‐water conditions). Each population, however, living under SO,‐brackish water‐conditions ‐ or any other chemical extreme ‐ show in its specimens scale‐reduction and more or less conically formed teeth besides normally shaped, tricuspid ones. This means, that populations which show these characters need not be accepted any longer descendants of a hypothetical “hybrid‐swarm” sensu AksLiray 1952 or KOVSWIQ 1953 et al. The mechanism which possibly might cause polymorphism in scaling and tooth‐structure is baaed upon a pol

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1964.tb00722.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummarySound epeotrograms were mde of 1, 447 stanzas from 156 ♂♂ Short‐toed Treecreepers from 13 localities in Grmeny, Franoe, end Spain (Fig, 1); and in addition, of 262 stanzas from 38 Tree‐creepers from Germany, as well as many call‐notes of both species. Analysis of these showed:1. Short‐toed Tree‐creepers and Tree‐creepers have at least two homologous calls (Fig.2h‐i;k–1).2. A ♂ Short‐toed Tree‐creeper has one to three different stanzas (Fig. 4). The Stanzas of each type are very stereotyped (Figs. 3&4).3. The ♂ Short‐toed Tree‐creepers of a population sing in a very uniform Way (fig. 5).4. Even the geographical variation is so small (Fig. 5) that6. almost all notes of a Short‐toed Tree‐creeper stanzas can be homologized with the corresponding ones of other Short‐toed Tree‐creepers.6. A Short‐toed Tree‐creeper stanza normally consists of 6 notes, at the most of 9, and at the least of 4 (Fig. 6).7. The “teut” (tüt) call of the Short‐toed Tree‐creeper is probably homologous with its first three song notes (Figs. 2, 7, 8, and 9), the “zreeh” (srih) call with the last (Figs. 11, 2), and the “teur” (tür) call with some variants of the penultimate one (Figs. 10, 2).The “zreeh” (srih) call of the Tree‐creeper is probably homologous with the first elements of its song, and the “tsee” (zii) call with another (Fig. 2).8. Eight theoretically conceivable possibilities of the relationship between homologous calls and song elements of the Short‐toed Tree‐creeper are discussed. Two of these 8 are probably reahzeda) the calls are learnt into an innate “stanza framework” during the ontogenesb of the song (with one fairly certain example),b) during evolution some calls had an influence on individual song notes. 7 facts of circumstantial evidence suppport this interpretation and only one the reverse idea (influence of song notea on the calls).9. For the “zreeh” (srih) calls of both species and the song notes homologous with them a strict parallel development or lagging behind of the songs during evolution is best taken to be the case.10. The F element of a Spanish Short‐toed Tree‐creeper population and the last element of the phrase of the Tree‐creeper are perhaps “historical remnants” of the original song of both species. Some arguments, ho

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1964.tb00723.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY