摘要:

AbstractThe phylogenetic relationship of five species belonging to the subfamily Sparinae was investigated using starch‐gel electrophoretic analysis of enzymes in skeletal muscle, heart, eye, liver, and sarcoplasmic protein in skeletal muscle. A total of 38 loci with 105 alleles coding for 25 enzymes and general protein were analysed and scored to calculate the proportion of polymorphic loci at the 95% level (P95), mean heterozygosity over loci (H), average number of alleles per locus (Na), and genetic distance (D). P95values obtained ranged from 13.16 to 18.42%, H values ranged from 0.042 to 0.057, Na values ranged from 1.21 to 1.42, and an average D value of 0.305 (0.216‐0.386) between congeneric species and 0.801 (0.614‐0.896) between two consubfamilial genera,AcanthopagrusandSparus, was found. A phenogram constructed on the basis of genetic data was similar to that based on morphometric characters at the genus level. However, discordance does exist among species ofAcanthopagrusbetween the two sets of phenograms constructed. The results of this study support the niche‐width‐variation h

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1995.tb00208.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn analysis was made of the R‐ and C‐banding of chromosomes of the followingGerbillusspecies (Rodentia, Gerbillidae):G. poecilops(Taif, Saudi Arabia),G. henleyi(Oursi, Burkina Faso; Kairouan, Tunisia), andG. nanus(Taif and Hofuf, Saudi Arabia; Sind desert, Pakistan). Their karyotypes show the same chromosome number (2n = 52), but a different N.F.a. (number of autosomal arms), ranging from 58 to 62 in the species overall, and from 58 to 60 amongG. nanusforms, due to pericentric inversions involving chromosomes 1 and 4. Moreover, large inter‐individual variations of heterochromatin segments of chromosomes 25, X, and Y were found. Considering morphology and karyotype,G. poecilopsandG. henleyiappear to be rather monomorphous species, whereasG. nanusproduces a series of forms as a consequence of speciation, in which both chromosomal and morphological differentiations occur that do not corr

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1995.tb00209.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDrosophilid communities living in four different physiographical regions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (27°/34°S; 49.7°/57.5°W), Brazil, were analysed. Ignoring cosmopolitan species, this is about the southern limit of the majority of typically neotropicalDrosophilaspecies distribution. Numerical fluctuations of the most frequent species populations from each place were investigated in relation to climatic data and trophic‐resource availability. Of the four locations studied, Turvo is remarkable for being an enormous ecological reserve covered with subtropical perennially rainy forest, and for having stable weather conditions. Guaiba, on the other hand, is a more climatically unstable place, with unpredictable and more scarce resources. In Turvo, the community structure is shaped by the dominance ofDrosophila willistoniand a low species diversity throughout the year. Low average niche‐breadth and niche‐overlap indices have also been found at feeding and breeding site levels. Guaíba showed the highest species‐diversity levels and was better exploited byD. simulans, a cosmopolitan species with a well‐known colonizing capacity. High niche breadth and overlap indices were characteristic for most species at this place. Results are discussed in the light of the communities' species composition and of environ

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1995.tb00210.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA new hypothesis on arthropod evolution published by Ballard et al. (1992), based on partial 12SrRNA sequences, is re‐analysed using the same data, but using different alignments. It is argued that there is no reason to reject monophyly of the Euarthropoda, Mandibulata and Tracheat

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1995.tb00211.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInversion polymorphism in populations ofD. subobscurafrom a beech forest on Jastrebac mountain was studied in June 1990, 1993, and 1994, respectively. The same analysis was performed in 1990 forD. subobscurapopulations in a beech forest and an oak forest in the same region. Statistically significant differences in the frequencies of the gene arrangements of A1, J and U chromosome were observed during the period of investigation. A tendency towards a decrease in the frequency of the standard gene arrangements was found for all chromosomes, but was particularly evident with chromosomes A and J. The frequency of the gene arrangements A1A2, J1and U1–2+6increased at the same time. Differences in the frequency of the gene arrangements of A, J and U chromosomes were also observed when the populations from two ecologically different habitats (beech and oak forest) were compared in 199

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1995.tb00212.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFemales ofDrosophila melanogastercollected from five geographically distant populations in India were analysed for the intensity of pigmentation in the 5th, 6th and 7th segments of the abdomen. In all three segments, this intensity was found to vary among individuals of any given population, and, furthermore, different populations differ with respect to this phenotypic trait. Statistical analysis revealed significant intra‐ and interpopulational variation. A clinical pattern was detected: females from populations closer to the equator tended to have lighter cuticle, in which case differences between the three segments could not be detected and all three segments responded both independently and jointly to latitudinal variation, as indicated by a statistically significant positive correlation between latitude and pigmentation score. This is the first report on abdominal pigmentation analysis in natural populations ofD. melanogasterthat provides evidence that phenotypic flexibility reflects temperature differences, as a result of which abdominal pigmentation shows geographic differentiatio

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1995.tb00213.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe shoulder joint of the Microchiroptera shows a remarkable morphological variation that has been studied in 20 individual bats from 15 species and 11 families. The basic morphology of the shoulder joint, with a globular humeral head and a corresponding glenoid cavity, is found in the Megachiroptera and, within the Microchiroptera, in the Rhinopomatidae. Besides this basic shoulder joint, there are two derived joint types: the derived and specialized shoulder joint with a single articular surface on the scapula and a more‐or‐less oblong humeral head, and the derived and specialized shoulder joint with secondary articular surfaces on the trochiter and on the dorsal aspect of the scapula. The first type of derived joint is most strikingly developed in the Mormoopidae and the Noctilionidae, the second one in the Vespertilionidae and the Molossidae. It is suggested that both types of derived shoulder joints have the functional significance of reducing the pronatory movements of the abducted forearm during the downstroke of the wing‐beat cycle. This suggested function of the secondary shoulder joint is a new approach to understanding this very peculiar structure. In species with these specialized shoulder joints, the downstroke musculature is comparatively better developed and theM. serratusant.post. div.comparatively less well developed. A hypothesis is offered to explain and combine the osteological and myological findings. Each of the derived types of shoulder joints has developed independently more than once through parallel evol

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1995.tb00214.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMitochondrial‐DNA (mtDNA) restriction patterns were studied in 22 wolves (Canis lupus) sampled in central‐northern Italy. A total of 60 restriction sites were detected, encompassing about 2 % of the mitochondrial genome of canids. All wolves showed the same restriction pattern. Therefore, a single mtDNA haplotype was detected in the Italian wolf population. Historical information on peninsular isolation and demographic decline suggest that low genetically effective population size and random drift may have strongly reduced the mtDNA variability of wolves in Italy over the last 100–200 years. A different mtDNA restriction pattern in feral dogs sampled from a wolf range in central Italy was detected. These findings suggest that the hybridization and introgression of female dog genomes into the Italian wolf population may be rare or a

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1995.tb00215.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe phylogenetic relationships of 15 species of theobscuragroup ofDrosophilawere analysed by use of one‐ and two‐dimensional electrophoresis. Genetic distances based on two‐dimensional data are five times smaller than those based on native proteins. From the data, it is proposed that the species radiation of theobscuragroup happened in two evolutionary bursts, the first one giving rise to at least four palearctic proto‐lineages (bifasciata, obscura(includingD. subsilvestris), subobscura, andmicrolabis) and one or two proto‐nearctic lineages (affinis, pseudoobscura), and the second, more recent burst giving rise to the current speciation within

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1995.tb00216.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMorphometric characters (linear measurements) of the skull and mandible of the rodentProechimysoccurring in Venezuela and Columbia were investigated through multivariate techniques in order to describe static allometry and to relate allometric patterns to the recent evolution of these taxa. At least five species originated during the recent Pleistocene period in the upper Orinoco basin, all characterized by different karyotypes, one of them (P. guairae) being a Rassenkreis of karyomorphs. Species are characterized by unique static allometric patterns and the study of these patterns suggests a phylogenetic rather than an ecogenetic origin for these patterns; modifications in the shape of the skull and the mandible have originated during phyletic speciation and there is no apparent sign of functional adaptation.

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1995.tb00217.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY