摘要:

SUMMARYWithFlorianella, BertiliellaandAcanthiella, three new genera of Turbellaria are described, one from deep mud bottoms off Norway, and two from sandy bottoms off the south‐eastern United States. Whereas the new family Bertiliellidae (within Turbellaria‐Eukalyptorhynchia) is established for the two former genera, the latter is of uncertain systematic position, combining features of Archoophora and Prolecithophora‐Combinata. All three genera are characterized by a spicular skeleton located in the basement membrane. In the Bertiliellidae the spicules are calcareous (aragonite). A survey of other spiculiferous Turbellaria and meiofauna in general suggests that spicular skeletons, instead of being a special adaptation to the interstitial environment, play a role in body support and tissue economy, and are, in some cases (Turbellaria and Mollusca), possibly relics indicating phylogenetic relatio

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1975.tb00509.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThe antenna cleaner of the Adephaga (Coleoptera), parallel evolutionary perfection of a complex structureIndependent evolutionary perfection of a complex character ist to be expected in a splitting phylogenetic line, if selective advantages for improving this character persist in the various lines after splitting. Independent perfection leading to very similar results is termed “parallel perfection”. It can either be based on a narrow channelling, due to limitations of the evolutionary substrate (i. e. morphological structures and patterns of behaviour, inherited from the common ancestor), or on very specific functional advantages. The evolution of the antenna cleaner on the protibia of adephagous beetles is analysed under this aspect.The phylogenetic relationships within the Geadephaga are discussed. After defining the terms “anisochaetous” and “isochaetous” somewhat differently from previous usage, the two phylogenetic lines Anisochaeta (Carabidae in a broad sense) and Isochaeta (Metriidae, Ozae‐nidae, Paussidae) may be considered sister groups. The Cicindelidae might have split off from the line of the Anisochaeta very early. The Rhysodidae are interpreted as an aberrant offshoot from the primitive adephagous stock.An attempt is made to reconstruct the antenna cleaner of the common ancestor of Anisochaeta and Isochaeta from the sum of plesiomorphous characters. This primitive cleaner might have corresponded in many respects to the array of setae found on an undifferentiated protibia (see comparison with mesotibia). The cleaner of the Cicindelidae, in spite of many plesiomorphous characters cannot be regarded as a model for the common ancestral form, because it already shows some differentiation towards the condition found in the Anisochaeta.The antenna cleaners of highly evolved Anisochaeta and Isochaeta, which correspond surprisingly well in many details, can be traced back to a common basis, but most of their conformities must have evolved independently. The following parallelisms were established: the ventral side of the tibia is shifted to the functional inner side and forms an oblique groove (cleaning channel); the antenna cleaning comb, originally placed transversely, becomes lengthwise oriented and is shifted in proximal direction; several setae are modified so as to form together a pressure clamp; the cleaning channel is completed by a spine‐like extension projecting from the tibia; the terminal setal ring forms an additional comb.The gradual perfection of the antenna cleaner can be studied in the more primitive species in both the groups Anisochaeta and Isochaeta. Apparently, the two lines entered different pathways of perfection to begin with, and the cleaners became similar again by convergence later on. This indicates a very slight channelling effect of the common evolutionary substrate. The numerous conformities in the higher evolved genera must result from “parallel selection” (channelling for functional reasons).By observing grooming behaviour in primitive and highly evolved genera, the following advantages connected with the more complex structures could be established: the engagement of the antenna into the cleaning channel is facilitated; the mechanical strain on the antenna during grooming is reduced; the cleaning of antennae and eyes becomes more effective. That the antenna cleaner itself can better be kept clean by a comb of the Mesotibia was pr

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1975.tb00510.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYClassification and evolution of sound production in ocypodid and grapsid crabs (Crustacea, Brachyura)The sounds of semiterrestrial ocypodid and grapsid crabs ‐ mostly epiphenomenal characters of vibrations signals ‐ were studied outdoors as well as in a special indoor terrarium allowing observation of underground behaviour. Sounds are classified in four groups according to the method of sound production. They are produced by respiration, stridulation, percussion, and convulsion, respectively.“Convulsion” is a descriptive name of free vibrations (shivering or shaking movements) the amplitude of which is very small. InUcathey can be heard as humming or honking noises. Contrary to previous assumptions, they are strictly synchronous with movements of the cheli‐peds. Being subdivided in syllables these sounds can be understood as derivatives from unaccented percussive sounds (“drum whirls”). An exaggerated form of percussion of these honking species ofUcaprobably became integrated into the waving display (in this group always known as “jerking wave”).The non‐directional character of evolution as visible in the sound production of theUcaspecies mentioned above can also be read from the relations between percussion and stridu‐lation in semiterrestrial crabs. Apparently, there was an evolution from stridulation to rapping movements within the grapsid genusSesarma.In the ocypodidsOcypodeandUca, however, stridulation ev

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1975.tb00511.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Dickinson, W. J.; Sullivan, D.T.: Gene‐Enzyme Systems in Drosophila.Kampmann, H.: Der Waschbär.Baron, ST.: Die achte Plage.Ohno, S., Animal cytogenetics. Vol. 4, 1.The Early Life History of Fish. The Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the Dunstaffnage Marine Research Laboratory of the Scottish Marine Biological Association at Oban, Scotland, from May 17‐23, 1973.Hays, H. R.: Forscher entdecken die Tierwelt. Aus dem Amerikanischen übers. von D. Jensen.Heymer, A.: Verhaltensstudien an Prachtlibellen. Fortschr. d. Verhaltensforsch. 11. Berlin u. Hamburg: Paul Parey 1973.Stern/Tigerstedt: Ökologische Genetik. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag 1974.Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft. Proceedings of the German Zoological Society. 67. Jahresversammlung vom 3.‐8. 6. 1974 in Bochum. Mit Bei‐tragen von zahlreichen namhaften Fachspezialisten. Im Auftrage der Gesellschaft her‐ausgegeben von Prof. Dr. WERNER Rathmeyer, Konstanz 1975. XII.Mechanisms of Spatial Perception and Orientation as Related to Gravity.Autrum, H.; Jung, R.; Loewenstein, W. R.; MacKay, D. M.; Teuber, H. L.: Handbook of Sensory Physiology. 3, Part 3Hayman, D. L.; Martin: Animal Cytogenetics. 4, 4.Schmidt‐Nielsen, K.: Physiologische Funktionen bei Tieren. Aus dem Amerikani‐schen von Dr. RuthBartels. Stuttgart: Gustav F

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1975.tb00512.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY