摘要:

AbstractUsing a computerized phylogenetic analysis of the Isopoda (Crustacea: Peracarida) as source of typical errors and misunderstandings, problems that may occur in computer cladistics are reviewed. It is concluded that in addition to the errors that are possible in a conventional Hennigian analysis some specific methodological problems exist in computer cladistics. It is recommended that the OTU be replaced by the groundpattern concept. Tree statistics are not useful for comparing different competing hypotheses. Arguments ought to concentrate on the hypo‐thetico‐deductive steps of the analysis, i.e. on character analysis. The use of computers does not add objectivity to character analysis. Single outgroup taxa should not be used in assessing the character states of ingroups.Concerning isopod phylogeny, it is argued here that the tail fan of the Isopoda can probably be derived from the eumalacostracan groundpattern and did not evolve de novo within the Isop

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1994.tb00474.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Western Mediterranean populations of D.subobscurahave a very similar chromosomal inversion polymorphism to the American colonizing populations, with the exception of the O5inversion. This inversion, which is found in appreciable frequencies in colonizing populations and is distributed according to a significant latitudinal cline, both in North and South America, has never been reported in that Palearctic region. Therefore, an analysis of the distribution of this inversion, along a latitudinal cline, has been carried out in Europe. The O Chromosome inversion polymorphism has been studied in seven populations: Gävle and Lilla Edet (Sweden), Gesten (Denmark), Ter‐Apel (Holland) and Crézy, Aizenay and Taulé (France). The O5inversion was only detected in three populations and in low frequencies: Gävle (3.7%), Lilla Edet (1.8 %) and Taulé (1.2 %). However, none of these three populations has all the inversions found in the American populations. The clinal distribution of some O chromosomal arrangements has also been studied according to latitude and the temporal changes of this polymo

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1994.tb00475.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGenetic differentiation ofHyla arborea molleriandH. meridionaliswas studied through allozyme electrophoresis and through essays of artificial hybridization. Samples were taken at several localities in Portugal, where these species occur either in sympatry or allopatry, and at one locality in France. Of the 21 presumptive loci analyzed, 6 were monoallelic, while 9 loci were discriminative between both species. A relatively high level of genetic differentiation was found between the two species (NEI's D = 0.725), contrasting with their morphological similarity. Remarkably low levels of genetic variability were found within species, with greater differentiation found among samples ofH. meridionalisthan ofH. a. molleri. Although the capacity for interspecific hybridization was low, hybrid embryos resulted from both reciprocal crosses, but with much greater success in the cross ♂H. a. mollerix δH. meridionalis. Hybrids showed greater similarity with the male parent, and showed heterozygote allozymic phenotypes for discriminative loci. Results are compared with those of similar studies on the same and different species ofHyla, and differentiation ofH. a. molleriandH. meridionalisis discussed in relation to their taxonomic status and orig

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1994.tb00476.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractKaryotype and genetic variation of the common shrew (Sorex araneus) from Mt. Pelister in southern Macedonia has been studied. Whereas all autosomes in the chromosomal set (2 na, = 28, the only present metacentrics beingaf, bc, jl, and tu) were of the standard type as well as the sex chromosomes X and Y2in males, the Y1chromosome was a small metacentric. This chromosomal feature is unique among the common shrew populations studied cytogenetically so far. Three out of 33 loci analysed (Sdh, 6Pgd, Mdh‐1) were discriminant between the Mt. Pelister population and Sorex araneus from Slovenia and two loci (Est‐3, Ada) were partially discriminant. A relatively high value of Nei's genetic distance (D = 0.137) confirms unique character of the Pelister populat

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1994.tb00477.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPenis length, copulation and locomotion: Their relationship to each other in MammalsA relationship between the mode of locomotion, copulatory position and length of the male copulative organ has been found in all groups of Mammalia. In this paper particular emphasis is given to the orders of the Testiconda, while the Testiphaena receive only brief account (for explanation of terms see Frey 1991 a).Results from my previous antomical study are utilized that are essential for assessing the respective modes of locomotion (Frey 1991b). Information on penis length and copulatory position are taken from the literature and evaluated.Small and middle‐sized Testiphaena, which represent the majority of mammals, are capable of a dynamic sagittal bending in the trunk, which is evidenced both in the galloping mode of locomotion and in the usual mammalian copulatory position (mounting). A sagittal bending of the trunk enables the male to bring his genital region into close proximity of the female's genital opening. In this case, a short penis is sufficient to ensure sperm transfer.The construction of the trunk in the Testiconda (excepting the Hyracoidea) entirely or nearly entirely prevents the sagittal bending. This is largely due to rigidity of the lumbar region or insufficient (dynamic) muscular control. The immobilization and/or the functional weakness of the lumbar region are derived from different anatomical conditions. 1. Shortening of the lumbar region, e.g., Tachyglossidae, Elephantidae, Sirenia; 2. Tightening of the lumbar region by tendons and muscles, e. g., Macroscelididae, Cetacea; 3. Xenarthry of the lumbar vertebrae and a double connection of the pelvis on the vertebral column, e. e., Bradypodidae, Myrmeco‐phagidae; 4. The lumbar region may be flexible but the hypaxial muscles too short and weak, e. g., Tenrecinae, Soricidae, Erinaceidae.Lumbar rigidity or insufficient muscular control in the lumbar region, resulting from any of these conditions, makes copulation difficult by restricting close approximation of the male and female genitals. Most Testiconda compensate for this by having a long penis. The same also applies for large‐sized Testiphaena. Although these animals have retained the ability to gallop, the flexibility of their trunk is restricted and mostly localized in a single joint due to the great body mass and the constructive constraints necessary for increased stability.A long penis is not the only way to compensate for the absence of sagittal flexion. A phylogenetic change in the copulatory posture also solves the problem as seen in the Myr‐mecophagidae and Bradypodidae (both Testiconda) which are equipped with a secondarily short‐enedpenis.The permanently aquatic testicondid mammals (Sirenia and Cetacea) cannot copulate in the usual mammalian mount position. This is largely due to the phylogenetic reduction and reconstruction of the extremities as well as the secondary evolution of a powerful tail. Sagittal movements of the heavily musculated tail act upon the more or less rigid trunk to provide for a “rear drive” locomotion. Both a change in the copulatory position and a long penis were necessary for these aquatic mammals.The only Testiconda in which a marked dynamic sagittal flexibility of the trunk is developed ‐the Hyracoidea ‐ are characterized by a short penis.On the whole, the relationship between the mode of locomotion, copulatory position and penis length within the mammalia is confirmed. A rigid lumbar region as opposed to a sagittally flexible, presumably represents the primitive condition among mammals. A

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1994.tb00478.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Dugdale, J. S.: Lepidoptera ‐ annotated catalogue and keys to family‐group taxa.Heimer, S.; Nentwig, W.: Spinnen Mitteleuropas ‐ Ein Bestimmungsbuch. Berlin und Hamburg: Verlag Paul Parey 1991.Brauns, A.: Taschenbuch der Waldinsekten. Grundriß einer terrestrischen Bestands‐und Standort‐Entomologie.Löser, S.: Exotische Insekten, Tausendfüßer und Spinntiere.Hewitt, G.M.; Johnston, A.W. B.; Young, J. P. W. (eds.):Molecular techniques in taxonomy.Henkel, F.W.; Schmidt, W.: Geckos. Biologie, Haltung und Zucht.Nickel/Schummer/Seiferle:Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere.Zell, R.A.: Das Gen‐Zeitalter ‐ Menschen,

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1994.tb00479.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY