ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1989.tb00332.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe heterochromatin of the chromosomes ofDrosophila guncheconsists mainly of a satellite DNA composed of multiple, tandemly arranged copies of a 290 b p basic sequence. Five clones containing one or two copies of the basic unit were sequenced. As expected from CsCl density centrifugation and AT specific staining of mitotic chromosomes the sequence is AT rich. The average nucleotid variability between the cloned sequences is 11.6%. In situ hybridization on the mitotic chromosomes revealed, that this satellite DNA is present in the centromeric regions of all chromosomes but the Y. The nucleotide variability between copies of different tandem clusters seems to be higher than between members of the same cluster. The copy number of the sequence in the haploid genome was estimated to be approximately 80000. The sequence is species specific and is not present in the genome of sibling speciesD. subobscuraandD. madeiren‐sis. The evolutionary origin of the satellite DNA and its possible role in species formation is discusse

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1989.tb00333.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMolecular and “adaptive” evolution, cladistic and phylogeny. Supplementations to a working hypothesisThe methods of molecular biology and morpholo for the taxonomical assessment have given in several cases very different results. The following examples are discussed:Ailuropoda melanoleucaas an ursoid member of the Carnivora (Ursidae or Ailuropodidae?),Homo saiensand his position to the African apes (PanandGorilla) (Pongidae or Hominidae?),Theroipithecus geladaand its affinities to the baboons (Papionini or Theropithecini ?) andOreopithecus bamboliifrom the late Miocene of Italy and its taxonomical position within the catarrhine primates.For the three extant species not only the “two level evolution” (molecular and morphological‐adaptative evolution) is evident, but also the working hypothesis, that the “adaptative” evolution is more rapidly as the molecular evolution, as the author is suggesting since 1969. The results of molecular methods (immunoloy, amino acid sequences, electrophoresis, DNA‐DNA hybridization) are more important for the phylogeny than for the taxonomy.For the cladistic method it is clear, that a cladogram is not a phylogenetic tree, as suggested

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1989.tb00334.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe win structure of the New Zealand nannochoristid currently known asMicrochorista philgotti:(Tillyard, 1917) is described and discussed. Tubular wing vein sclerotizations are developed in the uper win cuticle only. Shortening of the hindwing CuP‐A anastomosis to a single point cannot ge uphed as a nannochoristid autapomorphy. Absence of the Rs3‐Rs4crossvein (the diagnostic character forMicrochorista) and, perhaps, presence of specialized microtrichia patches on the fore wing are autapomorphic of the New Zealand species. Since the genusNannochorista, comprising the Australian/Tasmanian and S. American nannochoristids, according to available evidence is paraphyletic in terms ofMicrochoristathe latter is synonymized with the for

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1989.tb00335.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRemarks on the fibre architecture of the vertebrate dermisThe study summarizes different facts which may have been essential for the evolution of the vertebrate dermis. In this connection, the specific fibre architecture as related to the collaenous and elastic dermal components is the central topic. Basis for this theoretical approach is the skin structure of lower chordates. Apart from the description of typical dermal organisation, and integumental changes which have occurred during vertebrate evolution, certain aspects of functional development are discussed which may have arisen from adaptive processes in the different vertebrate groups. The theoretical considerations are substantiated by several illustrations.

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1989.tb00336.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe West Indian Ophidiiform fish are characterized by the occurrence of several troglobitic species. They areOgilbia(=Typhliasina pearsei(Yucatan),Lucifuga subterruneus, L. dentatusandL. simile(Cuba), andL. spelaeotes(Babama Islands). The surface relatives, e.g.Ogilbiaspp., prefer lightpoor zones. This is shown by a large lens and a retina almost exclusively consistin of rods.L. dentatus, L. subterraneus, and O.pearseipossess extremely reduced eyes. The eye ofL. selaeoteshas morphologically an intermediate position. In correlation to varying eye size a different number of rods may be developed. Furthermore in some specimens the lens starts degenerating. Contrar to the extremely reduced cave forms all specimens ofL. spelaeotescan still perceive light with tleir eyes. The different degrees of reduction in the West Indian Ophidiiform cave fish probably reflect varying phylogenetic ages. A possible date of origin ofL. spelaeotescould be at the beginning or the end of the last glaciation.The eyes of neonate individuals of the live‐bearingL. dentatusand O.pearseipossess a lens and a retina rudiment. No fundamental structural and histological differences between both species were found at this stag

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1989.tb00337.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe testes and associated accessory organs of two blenniid fishes are described. The testicular organs ofSalarias fasciatusconsist of a testicular gland adjacent to the testis, chambered seminal vesicles serving as a reservoir for spermatozoa and testicular blind ouches.Ecsenirts bicolorhas no testicular gland, has elongated chambered seminal vesicles whii are not used as a reservoir for spermatozoa, and has testicular blind pouches.

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1989.tb00338.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractReductions of brain and eye weight in the wild and domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)Studied is the intraspecific relationship between brain and eye weight to total body weight in native turkes and domestic strains.Brain. The turkeys show a common allometric exponent of a = 0.25. Differences in sex are found only within wild turkeys; gobbler and hen differ by 17.9 %. A reduction in brain weight of 35.2 % between wild male and domestic turkeys and of 23.8 % between wild hen and domestic turkeys are observed.Eyes. Differences in sex within each class independent from body size are not found. But there exist considerable reductions in eye weight from wild to domestic state. In wild turkeys eye weight is by 26.9 % heavier than in domestic strains.Changes in brain size are compared with observations found in other fowls. The two heritable complexes wildness and domesticity are discussed with evolutional, functional and environmental connexions.

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1989.tb00339.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMorphological studies on the auditory bulla of marsupialsThe resent study on the comparative anatomy of the marsupial auditory bulla starts with that of the didelphids; ontogenetic data are included. It becomes clear from these comparisons, that the marsupial bulla is throughout composed of the same skeletal elements. Contrary to widespread opinion, there exists no good evidence for the existence of an entotympanic in any marsupial. The tympanic process of the petrosal develops relatively late in ontogeny as ‘additional bone’ (“Zuwachsknochen” of Starck);the same holds true for the tympanic process of the alisphe‐noid.Biometric study of the tymanic ring in didelhids reveals that the tympanic membrane does only slightly increase with skull size (pronounced negative allometry). It is surprising, however, that the data of the tympanic diameter do arrane at two distinct levels of regression. Several taxa of didelphids must have jumped at this level independently. The possible functional meanings of these data are briefly

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1989.tb00340.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCephalisation in Viverridae, Hyaenidae, Procyonidae and UrsidaeStudied were the intraspecific and interspecific relationships between brain weight and body weight within Viverridae, Hyaenidae, Procyonidae and Ursidae. Inclination values of the allometrie lines are nearly the same as in Felidae and Canidae: intraspecific a˜ 0.25, interspecific a˜0.57. Comparisons for the degrees of cephalisation were done on the basis of a = 0.566, b = 0.1919 = 100 (Mustela prrtorius, Mustela vison). Viverridae and Hyaenidae have lower cephali‐sations than Procyonidae and Ursidae. Hihest cephalisation within all Fissipedia was found inProcyon cancrivorus(302) andHelarctos malayanus(391), lowest inMephitis mephitis(

ISSN:0947-5745    

DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1989.tb00341.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY