年代:1969 |
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Volume 7 issue 1
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1. |
Trends in the Evolution of Passively Dispersing Insects and the Feed‐back Control in Phylogenesis |
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Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research,
Volume 7,
Issue 1,
1969,
Page 1-18
M. S. Ghilarov,
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摘要:
In each definite habitat the environmental conditions may change to a degree exceeding the degree of ecological plasticity of the given species; in such cases the population either must become extinct or its representatives must migrate to some new habitats. The lower its ecological plasticity, the greater is the significance of dispersal for the species.Dispersal may be active or passive. In active dispersal the possibility and probability for representatives of population to encounter suitable conditions depend on the perfection of their locomotory organs, organs of orientation in space and on capacity for energy production. Active dispersal requires high differentiation of organs and is consequently performed by the definitive stage of development. In passive dispersal (anemochory, phoresy etc.) the possibility to meet with favourable conditions is ruled out by the laws of random distribution. Therefore, for passively transported species, highest numbers of disseminating individuals and their smallest mass are advantageous. Consequently passive dispersal is performed, 1s a rule, by juvenile stages, whereas for the adults of the passively dispersing species, high sexual production is characteristic, connected with general degeneration of the organs of active life.For Insecta‐Pterygota active dispersal by flight is typical. The appearance of adult Pterygota is that of the dispersing organism. The main functions of the adult stage in Pterygota are dispersal and reproduction, whereas those of the larva are feeding and growth.Only the function of active dispersal determines the progressive evolution of the imago in insects. Functions of dispersal and propagation approach each other in the time but the period of dispersal precedes that of reproduction. The wide separation of these functions in time leads to the regressive changes in adult females.Passing of the function of dispersal from the adult stage to passively disseminating larvae leads to regressive changes in the course of ontogenesis and to features of degeneration in adult females. In rather rare instances of passive dispersal of imagines additional means of propagation are developed (parthenogenesis, paedogenesis, polyembryony).Even in those groups of Pterygota where the females are highly degenerate the males do not exhibit any regression in locomotory and sense organs, still being able to fly.This is connected with the role of sexual reproduction for the persistence of characters, of genes. In the same manner as dispersal is a necessary condition for getting individuals of the species into appropriate environment, amphimixis is the premise for every gene, for each character, to meet with a favourable genetic environment. Sexual differences of adult insects reflect the phenotypic differences of gametes. Males ensure the encounter of sexes. Movements of pairing adults are of the same significance for the further persistence of genes, of characters, as the active dispersal flight of insect females is for the survival of individuals, for persistence of the species. Independent movements of spermatozoa in mating animals (especially in those with internal insemination) are of the same importance for genes dispersal as the crawling of first instar larvae (corrective movements) in actively (by flight) dispersing alate insects in the dispersal of a specie
ISSN:0947-5745
DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1969.tb00844.x
出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd
年代:1969
数据来源: WILEY
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2. |
The Annelid Ancestry of the Chordates and the Origin of the Chordate Central Nervous System and the Notochord |
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Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research,
Volume 7,
Issue 1,
1969,
Page 18-30
D. van Z. Engelbrecht,
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SummaryIt is maintained that the segmentation of the chordates is not a re‐emergent condition and that their ancestors must not be sought among oligomerous coelomates but among the kolygomerous forms. It is proposed that the chordates developed from tube‐dwellingPolychaetaresembling the present members of theSabellidae, by reverting to a free‐living existance and a reversal of the dorsoventrality. The chordate neural tube is regarded as a new structure developed from the closed‐over faecal groove and the surrounding gland cells of the glandular mass of the ventral gland‐shields of the polychaete ancestor.The disappearance of the annelid cerebral ganglia and their gradual replacement by a new co‐ordinating centre in the form of a dilation of the anterior end of the neural tube is postulated. The author accepts Delsman's(1922) suggestion that the paired segmental ganglia of the annelid ancestor persist as the spinal ganglia of the vertebrates.The chordate mouth is regarded as the same as that of its annelid ancestor.A strip of dense connective tissue wedged in between the ventral nerve chords and in which are embedded the fibres of the longitudinal muscle overlying the nerve chords of the presumed polychaete ancestor is regarded as the precursor of the notochord, while the longitudinal musculature of the chordate trunk developed from the adjacent longitudinal muscle bands.A cartilage‐like internal skeleton supports the branchial crown of the tubicolous polycha
ISSN:0947-5745
DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1969.tb00845.x
出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd
年代:1969
数据来源: WILEY
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3. |
Zum Problem der Metazoenabstammung1 |
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Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research,
Volume 7,
Issue 1,
1969,
Page 30-53
Alois Reutterer,
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摘要:
ZusammenfassungPhylogenetik kann nie das Exaktheitsideal physikalischer Theorien erreichen. Sie kann in noch vie1 hoherem Grad als etwa die Physik nicht der Spekulation entbehren. Um so mehr ist die Forderung berechtigt, sich rezenter Organismen als phylogenetischer Modelle zu bedienen, die in geniigender Zahl vorliegen.Bevor auf die Frage der Metazoenabstammung in dieser Arbeit eingegangen wird, werden cinige Begriffe diskutiert:UnterPhvloaenetiksollte man die Lehre von der Phvloaenese verstehen. Der mit beiden Worten synoiy; gebrauchte Terminus “Phylogenie” sollte nicht verwendet werden. Es werden die Begriffe der Homologie und der Konvergenz definiert. Der Begriff der Potenz in der Biologie wird als “Dynamische Struktur der genetischen Information” interpretiert. Folgende mogliche Theorien der Entstehung der Metazoa werden diskutiert:1. Entstehung durch Assoziation freischwimmender Flagellaten (Gastraea‐Theorie). So ent‐ standen die Parazoa.2. Entstehung durch Unterdruckung der Zellabtrennung nach der Teilung (Kormen‐Theorie). So entstanden die Metaphyta.3. Entstehung durch Zellularisation der Plasmamasse polykaryonter entweder freischwimmen‐ der (ziliatoider) oder kriechender (amoboider) Protozoen (Plasmoden‐Theorie).4. Entstehung durch ZusammenflieBen am Meeresboden kriechender amoboider Protozoen zu einem polarisierten, bilateralen Pseudoplasmodium (Amoboid‐Theorie), So mogen die Metazoen entstanden sein.Die Kormen‐Theorie kann als unwahrscheinlich ausgeschieden werden. Die Gastraea‐Theorie erklart relativ plausibel den Schritt von Protozoen zu einem Vielzeller, gerat aber in Schwie‐ rigkeiten bei der Erklarung der Evolution der eigentlichen Metazoa. Die Plasmoden‐Theorie wird durch die Homologisierung von Organen mit Organellen unglaubwiirdig. Die Moglichkeit einer von der Plasmoden‐Theorie angenommenen Zellularisation ist umstritten. Als Azoloid‐ Theorie, die besagt, daB azoloide Formen als Archimetazoenschicht angesehen werden miissen, ist diese Theorie fur den zweiten Schritt der Metazoenabstammung ‐ die Evolution der Eumetazoa aus Acoela ‐recht brauchbar.Beziiglich des ersten Evolutionsschrittes jedoch behebt die Amoboid‐Theorie die Mingel der beiden gegensatzlichen Theorien, indem sie die gut belegbare Annahme macht, das Ur‐ metazoon sei notwendigerweise am Meeresboden entstanden. Durch Zusammenflieflen amoboider Protozoen (Modell: Acrasiales) entstand ein Urmetazoon. Allmahlich wurden Muskulatur, Nervensystem und Ziliatur ausgebildet. So entstanden Azolen, die dem iibrigen Eumetazoen‐ reich den Ursprung gaben, wie sich an Hand vieler Modelle plausibel machen Iai3t. Das primi‐ tivste Nervensystem ist der epitheliale Nervenplexus, von dem durch die Vorstellung einer fortschreitenden Einwartsverlagerung und Zentralisation leicht die Nervensysteme der iibrigen Eumetazoa abgeleitet werden konnen. Die Evolution des Nervensystems kann als Haupt‐ kriterium der Evolution des Tierreichs angesehen werden.SummaryPhylogenetics will never achieve the exactness demanded of physical theories. It cannot do without speculation to a much higher degree than physics. The demand to use recent organisms, which are available in sufficient number, as phylogenetic models is, therefore, all the more justified. Before dealing with the question of the origin of Metazoa, some terms are discussed in this work:By phylogenetics the theory of phylogenesis should be understood. The term “phylogeny”, which is used synonymously with both words, should be avoided. The terms homology and convergence are defined, the term “potency” in biology is interpreted as the “dynamic structure of genetic information”. The following possible theories of Metazoan derivation are discussed:1. Formation by association of free‐swimming Flagellatae (Gastraea‐Theory). In that way the Parazoa came into existence.2. Formation by suppression of cell‐separation after cell‐division (Cormus‐Theory). In that way the Metaphyta came into existence.3. Formation by cellularization of the plasm of olycaryont Protozoa, either free‐swimming ones (ciliaroid) or crawling ones (amoeboid) (Pcsmodium‐Theory).4. Formation by confluence of amoeboid Protozoa, crawling on the bottom of the sea, resulting in a polarized, bilateral pseudo‐plasmodium (Amoeboid‐Theory). The Cormus‐Theory can be eliminated as improbable. The Gastraea‐Theory explains the transition from Protozoa to a “Metazoon” relatively plausible, but encounters difficulties explaining the evolution of the true Metazoa. The Plasmodium‐Theory looses its credulity because of the homologization of organs and organelles. The possibility of cellularization as assumed by the Plasmodium‐Theory is contested. As Acoeloid‐Theory, which holds that acoeloid forms are to be interpreted as a stratum of Archimetazoa, this theory can be used to explain the second step in the evolution of the Metazoa, the evolution of the Eumetazoa from the Acoela. In regard to the first step, the Amoeboid‐ Theory surmounts the short‐comings of the two conflicting theories by making the well‐ founded assumption that the original Metazoon came into being at the bottom of the sea. It was formed by the flowing together of amoeboid Protozoa (Model: Acrasiales). Gradually, muscles, the nervous system, and ciliation were developed. In that way originated the Acoela, which were the origin of the other Eumetazoa, as can be made plausible by many models. The most primitive nervous system is the epithelial nerveplexus, from which the nervous systems of the other Eumetazoa can be easily derived by assuming a continuing inward shifl and centralization. The evol
ISSN:0947-5745
DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1969.tb00846.x
出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd
年代:1969
数据来源: WILEY
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4. |
Zur Verbreitung der Mallophagen der Gattung Myrsidea Waterston auf der Dschungelkrähe Corvus macrorhynchos Wagler |
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Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research,
Volume 7,
Issue 1,
1969,
Page 53-58
Heinrich Klockenhoff,
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摘要:
ZusammenfassungIm allgemeinen ist eine Mallophagengattung auf eine einzige Familie oder Ordnung ihrer Wirte beschränkt; seit Nitzsch(1815) und Kellogg(1896) konnte diese Erscheinung immer wieder bestätigt werden. Damit ist auch naturgemäß die Verbreitung der Mallophagen identisch mit der ihrer Wirte; allerdings können extreme Klimate (s. Eichler, 1963, und Niethammer, 1962) das Vorkommen der Mallophagen im Gegensatz zu dem ihrer Wirte beschränken. Trotz dieser Ausnahmen ist es jedoch wegen des engen Wirt‐Parasit‐Verhältnis grundsätzlich möglich, mit Hilfe der Mallophagen‐Verbreitung den Wirt betreffende, taxonomische, phylogenetische und zoogeographische Fragen zu erörtern. Wie erfolgreich diese Untersuchungsmethoden sind, zeigen etwa die Arbeiten von Clay(1961, 1964, 1966 a, b), Eichler(1963), Elbel&Emerson(1959) und Timmerm
ISSN:0947-5745
DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1969.tb00847.x
出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd
年代:1969
数据来源: WILEY
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5. |
Die horizontale und vertikale Verbreitung von Funisciurus isabella |
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Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research,
Volume 7,
Issue 1,
1969,
Page 58-66
M. Eisentraut,
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摘要:
ZusammenfassungNach Festlegung der Unterscheidungsmerkmale der beiden ZwillingsartenFunisciurus isabellaundFunisciurus lemniscatus, die südlich des Sanaga im gleichen Gebiet vorkommen können, wird nach einem von M. Dubostin NO‐Gabun gesammelten Material die RasseF. isabella dubostibeschrieben und deren Verbreitungsgrenzen, soweit bisher möglich, angegeben. Es handelt sich offenbar um einen Bewohner des Niederungsgebietes. Die Nominatrasse dagegen ist zweifellos eine Montanform, die von West‐Kamerun über Ost‐ und Süd‐Kamerun bis Nord‐Gabun verbreitet ist. Im Grenzgebiet beider Rassen scheint es zu einer Durchmischung zu kommen. Auf die Bedeutung der pleistozänen Klimaschwankungen für die Rassendifferenzierung
ISSN:0947-5745
DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1969.tb00848.x
出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd
年代:1969
数据来源: WILEY
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6. |
The “Polyphyletic” Origin of the Genus Ablepharus (Reptilia, Scincidae): a Case of Parallel Evolution |
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Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research,
Volume 7,
Issue 1,
1969,
Page 67-76
I. E. Fuhn,
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摘要:
AbstractIt is generally admitted that the some 38 species referred toAblepharusLichtenstein, 1823 (Sauria, Scincidae) belong to the same evolutionary level. Smith(1935), followed by Parker(1936), DeWitte(1936), Mitchelland Storr(in. litt.) pointed out the “polyphyletic” origin of the “ablepharine” skinks, and Greer(1967) presented arguments on the basis of the skull morphology. The study of nearly all the skinks assigned to the genusAblepharusis in agreement with the above statements. A tentative new generic arrangement is presented, based on the assumption of several parallel evolutionary series, starting from closely related although different lines, showing convergent morphological features under the action of a similar way of life (burrowing and cryptic). The “ablepharine” skinks assemblage includes different evolutionary levels, which have to be referred to distinct genera. Onlybivittatus, pannonicus, desertiandkitaibeliiare assigned toAblepharusLichtenstein;boutoniibelongs toCryptoblepharusWiegmann. The African “ablepharine” skinks, together with several other species having a transparent window in the lower lid, are included inPanaspisCope. The Australian species commonly ascribed to the genusAblepharus, should be considered as belonging to following generic taxa:1.MorethiaGray, 1844, including the specieslineo‐ocellata, butleri, taeniopleura;2.PseudemoiaFuhn, 1967, monotypic (spenceri);3.CryptoblepharusWiegmann, 1834, monotypic (boutonii), but the species is polytypic.4.Notoscincusn. g., with the speciesornatusandwotjulum;5.MenetiaGray, 1844, monotypic (greyi);6. Species incertae sedis,burnetti(polytypic);7.Proablepharusn. g., includingtenuis(polytypic);8. Species incertae sedis, with the speciesdavisiandkinghorni;9.LeristaBell, 1833, includingelegans, distinguenda, lineata, muelleri, timidaand all the species assigned toRhodonaandNod
ISSN:0947-5745
DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1969.tb00849.x
出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd
年代:1969
数据来源: WILEY
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7. |
Zur Frage der Introgression bei den Waldmäusen Apodemus sylvaticus und A. flavicollis (Mammalia, Rodentia)1 |
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Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research,
Volume 7,
Issue 1,
1969,
Page 77-127
J. Niethammer,
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摘要:
ZusammenfassungIn einer Anzahl von Populationen am gemeinsamen sudlichen und westlichen Arealrand wird untcrsucht, ob dort die grode ühnlichkeit von Apodemus sylvaticus und A. flavicollis das Ergebnis zwischenartlicher Bastardierung oder gegenlaufiger, innerartlicher, geographischer Merkmalsanderung ist.Als in Freilandpopulationen erkennbare Bastarde werden Tiere angesehen, die unabhangige Merkmale beider Arten in sich vereinigen. Die eingehende Prufung der Merkmale ergab, dad vorlaufig nur zwei deutliche, unabhangige, leicht zugangliche Merkmale zur Verfugung stehen: die Grode und die Kehlzeichnung.In den fraglichen Populationen wurde in keinem Fall gegen die artspezifische Kombination von Farbung und Grode verstoden. Daruber hinaus lielen sich in einem Teil von ihnen alle Tiere sicher bestimmen. Damit ist fur die nordlicheren fraglichen Populationen fertile Bastardierung ausgeschlossen. In den siidlichsten Gebieten, in denen beide Arten am ahnlichsten sind, kann man artunspezifisch kombinierte Individuen kaum erkennen und deshalb wegen ihres Fehlens nicht folgern, dad keine Artkreuzung stattgefunden habe.Zu dieser Folgerung zwingt jedoch die geographische innerartliche Merkmalsanderung beider Arten. Sie konvergieren in Farbung und GroRe bereits in hohem Umfang in einem Gebiet, in dem sie sich noch so deutlich unterscheiden, daR Bastardierung ausgeschlossen werden kann. Die fraglich gebliebenen Populationen erscheinen danach als folgerichtige Endpunkte der klinalen Abwandlung.Es wird versucht, die kontrare GroSenvariation beider Arten unter der Annahme zu erklaren, daR jeweils die Vorkommen grodter Artvertreter in den Artentstehungszentren sitzen und daB an der Ausbreitungsfront kleine Varianten bevorzugt ausgelesen werden.Zweifelsfreie Kreuzungen beider Arten sind bisher nicht gelungen. Die erfolgreiche Kreuzung verschieden groder Unterartvertreter von A. sylvaticus zeigt, daR unterschiedliche Grol3e die Bastardierung nicht verhindert. Merkmale wie die Zahnreihenlange, die Schadellange, die HinterfuRIange und die Schwanzlange werden nicht als gesonderte Einheiten vererbt, wie das BOTHSCHAFTER voraussetzt. Ihre normalen Relationen bleiben erhalten. Die Fi‐Tiere erreichen in der DurchschnittsgrijSe annahernd den groden Elter. Die GroRe des Kehlflecks bei Apodemus sylvaticws ist genetisch fixiert.Es gibt bisher keinen Beweis, daR Apodemus sylvaticus und A. flavicollis irgendwo fertil bastardieren. Erst recht ist Introgression unbewiesen, da hierbei auderdem gezeigt werden mud, dad die Bastardierung erst sekundar erfolgt ist. Damit ist das Apodemws‐Artenpaar kein Beispiel fur die Introgression. Damit gibt es weiterhin auch kein Beispiel bei den Saugetieren. Da auch die sonstigen Beispiele fur diesen Evolutionsmodus sehr unwahrscheinlich sind, wird empfohlen, den Begriff der Introgression als Weg der Artbildung bei Tieren fallenzulassen.SummaryWithin a number of populations from the southern and western borders of their common area of distribution it is investigated whether the great resemblance of Apodemws sylvaticws to A. flavicollis found there is the result of interspecific hybridization or of opposite geographical intraspecific modification of character.Hybrids, recognizable as such in open‐air populations, have to be animals that unite in‐ dependant characteristics of both species. For the time being only two characteristics proved to be distinct, independant, and easily accessible, namely the size and the pattern of the throat.Animals of those populations in questions did not offend in any case against the specific combination of colour and size of each species. In addition to that in a part of them all animals could be classified positively. With that, fertile hybridization of the two species is out of question, as far as the more northern populations are concerned. In the most southern areas, where both species show strongest resemblance, one can hardly distinguish non‐specifically combined individuals from other ones. From this lack one can not conclude that no cross breeding of the two species has taken place there.But the geographical, intraspecific modification of characteristics of both species leads to such a conclusion. They converge to a high de ree in colour and size in an area, where they still differ from each other so distinctly that hygbridizarion of the two species can be excluded. From that the populations still in question show themselves to be the logical final points of the clinal modification.We try to explain the contrary variations of size of both species on the supposition that the biggest representatives in each case occur in the centres of origin and that particularly the smaller variants are selected at the front of spreading.Hitherto there do not exist doubtless hybrids of the two species. But the successful crossbreeding of different‐sized representatives of the subspecies of A.sylwaticus shows that different size does not prevent their hybridization. Those characteristics like the length of tooth row, the length of the skull, the length of the hind foot and the length of the tail are not separately inheritable, which is presupposed by BOTHSCHAFTER. Their normal relations are preserved. The average size of the animals of Fi‐generation nearly corresponds to that of the bigger part of the parents. The size of the spot at the throat of Apodemus sylwaticus is fixed genetically.Hitherto there does not exist any proof that anywhere a fertile cross breeding of Apode‐ mus sylwaticus and A. flawicollis has taken place. And all the more introgression is not proved, for in this connexion it has to be demonstrated that cross breeding has taken place only secondarily. Therefore the pair of Apodemus species cannot be an example of introgression and with that no example exists among mammals. All the other examples of this mode of evolution being highly improbable we suggest to abandon the term “introgression” as one of the modes of
ISSN:0947-5745
DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1969.tb00850.x
出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd
年代:1969
数据来源: WILEY
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8. |
Zur Evolution der Embryonal‐ bzw. Larvalentwicklung bei Salamandra1 |
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Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research,
Volume 7,
Issue 1,
1969,
Page 128-145
Günter Fachbach,
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摘要:
SummaryIn the genusSalamandraoccur mainly two kinds of propagation. The european spotted salamander (Salamandra salamandra) is ovoviviparous and lays a great number of larvas into the water, whereas the alpine salamander (Salamandra atra) gives birth to completely transformed gilless young ones.There are, however, several races of spotted salamander which are also viviparous. The development of such a variety,Salamandra salamandra bernardezi, is described and compared with the generation of the alpine salamander.The emancipation of the development of the larvas from their life in the water has certainly happened in several cases independent of each other under various oecological circumstances.Besides a race of spotted salamander was said to exist in a mountain lake in central Spain at about 6000 ft. This assertion proved to be wrong. The development of the embryo and the larva takes place in exactly the same way as with our native species. The results of the experiments of Mr. Kammererare dicussed on the basis of the facts at our disposal.
ISSN:0947-5745
DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1969.tb00851.x
出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd
年代:1969
数据来源: WILEY
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9. |
Sternalelement (Omosternum) eines mitteljurassischen Anuren von SE‐Aveyron/Südfrankreich |
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Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research,
Volume 7,
Issue 1,
1969,
Page 145-153
Jürgen Seiffert,
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摘要:
ZusammenfassungAus einem sapropelitischen Mergel des obersten Bajocien von SE‐Aveyron, S. Frankreich, wurden durch eine von Angehörigen des Lehrstuhls für Paläontologie der F. U. Berlin praktizierte Aufbereitungsmethode zahlreiche isolierte Fisch‐ und Tetrapodenreste gewonnen.Es fand sich ein fossiles knöchernes Omosternum aus dem Brustgürtel eines Anuren, das mit dem der Familie Ranidae bis in morphologische Einzelheiten übereinstimmt. Damit sind Starrbrustfrösche (Firmisternia) seit dem obersten Bajocien vertreten. Das Omosternum wird in einer analytischen Diagnose vorgestellt.SummaryBy means of dressing and concentrating‐methods, sapropelitic rock from the Upper Bajocian of SE‐Aveyron, South France, has yielded a small vertebrate fauna consisting of isolated teeth and skeletal elements of fishes and tetrapods.An osseous Omosternum is described conforming with this bone in Ranidae. The record of firmisternal anurans is thus extended into the
ISSN:0947-5745
DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1969.tb00852.x
出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd
年代:1969
数据来源: WILEY
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10. |
BUCHBESPRECHUNG |
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Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research,
Volume 7,
Issue 1,
1969,
Page 153-153
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摘要:
Book Reviewed in this article:Searle, A. G.:Comparative genetics of coat color in mammals.
ISSN:0947-5745
DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1969.tb00853.x
出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd
年代:1969
数据来源: WILEY
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