摘要:

AbstractArchaeological sites in the northern Ha'apai Group of central Tonga occur on small islands within the uplifted forearc belt of the Tonga‐Kermadec arc‐trench system. The present inland positions of occupation sites that probably once occupied coastal settings imply significant expansion of some island shorelines during late Holocene time (ca. 3250 B.P. to present). Geologic processes leading potentially to enlargement of the islands include continuing forearc uplift, eustatic or glacio‐hydro‐isostatic fall in sea level following a mid‐Holocene highstand, and progressive accretion of beach ridges to island coasts, with or without changes in relative sea level. Radiometric dates for uplifted coral terraces in Tonga indicate that forearc uplift has been negligible during Holocene time. By contrast, theoretical considerations, regional analysis of shoreline indicators throughout the South Pacific, and limited empirical data from Tonga itself all imply that regional sea level has declined locally by 1–2 m since a mid‐Holocene highstand (ca. 6000‐3000 B.P.), which was a hydro‐isostatic response to transfer of water mass from Pleistocene ice caps to the ocean basins. Emergence of originally coastal sites is thus expected since initial settlement of the islands by Lapita peoples. Accretionary coastal flats composed of multiple beach ridges are 250–500 m wide on favorable leeward shores and the flanks of sand cays, but some presently unknown proportion of this incremental island growth may have occurred prior to the post‐mid‐Holocene decline in relative sea level. Ash falls from tephra eruptions at Tongan volcanoes also modified island environments through Quaternary time. Evidence for significant change in the configuration and morphology of islands in Ha'apai during the period of human settlement highlights the need for systematic interdisciplinary archaeological and geological research in the study of Pacific prehistory. © 1

ISSN:0883-6353    

DOI:10.1002/gea.3340090202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe focus of this research is Early Archaic adaptation to the hot and dry Altithermal in the North American Great Plains. The view presented here suggests a direct link between Altithermal climatic conditions and cultural responses to those conditions. Water was a key factor in cultural adaptation to arid Altithermal conditions. Statistical analysis reveals a significant relationship between Early Archaic site location and certain sources of groundwater that is not apparent during the periods preceding and succeeding the Altithermal. The distribution of Early Archaic sites may reflect increased emphasis on predictable water supplies offered by aquifers. © 1994 John Wiley&Sons, Inc

ISSN:0883-6353    

DOI:10.1002/gea.3340090203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSide‐scan sonar surveys, augmented with echo‐sounding, have revealed a series of columnar bodies, broken into segments, lying on the bed of the Tay Estuary at the southern end of the first Tay Railway Bridge. These are, with the aid of archive material, interpreted as the remains of 11 twin, brick uprights (Pier Nos. 4–14) that survived the infamous Tay Bridge Disaster of 1879, but were demolished after the opening of the new railway bridge. The piers in question, along with three farther to the south (Nos. 1–3), supported the southernmost 1550 feet (ca. 470 m) of the 2‐mile structure, the only part of that ill‐fated bridge which was built to the original plans of its designer, Thomas Bouch. They have lain forgotten on the bed of the Tay Estuary for over 100 years. © 1994 John Wil

ISSN:0883-6353    

DOI:10.1002/gea.3340090204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA site in south‐central Turkey has been proposed as the source for early bronze‐age tin. Examination of the site shows that this proposal is confounded by the presence of extensive mining and smelting activities for lead. © 1994 John Wiley&Sons,

ISSN:0883-6353    

DOI:10.1002/gea.3340090205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-6353    

DOI:10.1002/gea.3340090206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-6353    

DOI:10.1002/gea.3340090207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-6353    

DOI:10.1002/gea.3340090208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-6353    

DOI:10.1002/gea.3340090209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-6353    

DOI:10.1002/gea.3340090201

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY