摘要:

AbstractFirst results of renewed excavations at the Middle Stone Age spring site of Florisbad are reported. Seven meters of deposits dating possibly from the later mid‐Pleistocene to the mid‐Holocene contain several cultural phases and record alternating periods of increased spring flowversusmore stabilized conditions. The archaicHomo sapienscranium discovered in 1932 and the Florisian Land Mammal Age fauna retrieved from the springs are argued to derive from the earliest deposits, estimated to be ca. 100,000–200,000 years old. In an Upper Pleistocene layer beyond the range of Carbon‐14 dating, a Middle Stone Age occupation floor has been excavated. This we interpret as a multiple‐occupation kill, butchery, or scavenging site. The presence of a hearth, of chipping debris under 10 mm in size, and the limited displacement of artifacts which have been refitted as conjoining pieces demonstrate a minimally disturbed, primary con

ISSN:0883-6353    

DOI:10.1002/gea.3340010201

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPeople who exploit marine resources choose among them according to technological, economic, and social considerations. Prehistoric selectivity in their exploitation has often been postulated, but can be established only by comparing the archaeological record with an estimate of the kinds and quantities available in the environments of the time. Only then can those factors be considered that might have influenced their choice, a subject which is the domain of the archaeologist.In Franchthi Cave, a thick Upper Paleolithic through Neolithic sequence (ca. 23,000–5000 yrs B.P.) of occupational deposits has been excavated. As might be expected at a site now only a few meters from the sea, this sequence has yielded ample evidence for the use of marine resources, though only from ca. 11,000 B.P. onward. Moreover, the marine molluscan record exhibits drastic changes in composition over time, implying either major variation in availability or selective collecting.A marine geophysical study supplemented by an examination of present shore environments in the area has permitted the reconstruction of the changing coastal environments since ca. 20,000 B.P., thus providing an estimate of the probably available shellfish resources. Comparison with the molluscan assemblages found in the cave demonstrates that only during the latest Paleolithic and most of the Neolithic were the collected shellfish reasonably representative of what should have been available in the area. At other times the inhabitants made highly specialized, seemingly idiosyncratic choices from the spectrum of available specie

ISSN:0883-6353    

DOI:10.1002/gea.3340010202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMajor bodies of fresh water are extremely scarce in the dry Atacama region. Unlike the Salar de Atacama, which has no outlet, the Salar de Punta Negra (24$ 35′ S, 3000 m elevation) used to spill north into the Atacama drainage. Archaeological survey of the beaches and spillway above today's salar indicates late‐glacial human use of the 800 km2lake and environs under a contrasting climate regime. The histories and water budgets of the Pleistocene lakes of the south‐central Andes are not well understood, but archaeological data can be interpreted to support (1) hypotheses that would bring westerly storm tracks and winter rain further north 14,000 to 10,000 B.P., especially if accompanied by increasing warmth for part of the period, and/or (2) theories of orbital variation, increased summer insolation, and strengthened monsoons that would provide generally increased rainfall at the Tropics 10,000 to 9000 B.P. Archaeological, paleoclimatological, and geomorphological studies come together to show how this large lake could be a focus of human activity from the time of first settlement of the Atacama r

ISSN:0883-6353    

DOI:10.1002/gea.3340010203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractExcavations in 1980–1981 at sites (32MZ319 and 32MZ380) along Cinnamon Creek Ridge in the Little Missouri River Badlands of McKenzie County, North Dakota, unexpectedly revealed at each locality the presence of one or more deeply buried paleosols with associated cultural materials. At both sites, 32MZ319 and 32MZ380, multiple paleosols are present, each of which is terminated by an episode of aeolian deposition. Fifteen radiocarbon dates on these paleosols establish an incipient chronology for paleosol development in the study area and permit correlation with other High Plains archaeological complexes. Geological and archaeological data for the two multiple paleosol sites are summarize

ISSN:0883-6353    

DOI:10.1002/gea.3340010204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThin‐section analysis and X‐ray diffraction analysis indicates that pre‐Columbian Indian pottery of San Salvador Island, Bahamas is composed of angular fragments of invertebrate shells bound by clay and quartz. The source of the clay and quartz apparently was soil formed from dust accumulating over thousands of years by atmospheric deposition of material transported from North Africa. No evidence of biogenic siliceous material is found in pottery sherds native to the island. An atmospheric origin for the clay and quartz is supported strongly by clay/quartz ratios and quartz particle sizes in atmospheric dust presently being transported from North Africa compared to a soil (paleosol?) sample from Pigeon Creek Indian Site, San Salvador I

ISSN:0883-6353    

DOI:10.1002/gea.3340010205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to present an approach to be taken when using packaged statistical programs for the evaluation of multivariate data, in particular those programs designed for clustering, classification, and discrimination purposes. A systematic step‐by‐step approach is outlined starting with those steps which should be conducted in order to assure that the assumptions underlying the statistical analyses are satisfied. The use of various methods and computational options in cluster, classification, and discriminant analysis is then discussed. Finally the need for an assessment of the results in view of the overall knowledge of the problem is pointed

ISSN:0883-6353    

DOI:10.1002/gea.3340010206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-6353    

DOI:10.1002/gea.3340010207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-6353    

DOI:10.1002/gea.3340010208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-6353    

DOI:10.1002/gea.3340010209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-6353    

DOI:10.1002/gea.3340010210

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Inc.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY