摘要:

AbstractIn Australia, the debate has intensified with respect to the continued logging of old‐growth forests and export of woodchips. This has developed into antagonism between conservationist groups on one side, and a coalition of trade unions and business enterprises on the other. Much of the antagonism has been played out in the political arena around the issue of ‘resource security’ legislation.The specific legislation was defeated in 1992, but it is argued herein that this has not and will not conclude an on‐going debate around similar issues. The material consequences of economic recession have provided an interdependency between agents of the working class and capital to exploit native forests for the full value of the existing timber. This coalition of interests is having an effect not only on political discourse and policy determination but even the valuation of forest ecology itself. This paper examines the economic, technical and ethical parameters of that debate and concludes that the material interests of labour and capital will be pertinent to long‐term outcomes.The first man who, having enclosed a piece of land, thought of saying ‘this is mine’ and found people simple enough to believe him, was the real founder of civil society. How many crimes, wars, murders; how much misery and horror the human race would have been spared if someone had pulled up the stakes and filled in the ditch and cried out to his fellow men: Beware of listening to this imposter. You are lost if you forget that the fruits of the earth belong to everyone and that the earth itself belongs to no onel (Rousseau

ISSN:0968-0802    

DOI:10.1002/sd.3460020301

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA case is outlined for continued economic growth in LDCs contingent upon radical environmental repositioning by individual states. The argument rests on two premises: that LDCs would be interested in employing sustainable management practices but for the associated costs, and that current political, economic and environmental circumstances are such that DCs may now be inclined to help meet some of those costs. The article focuses on LDCs with levels of biodiversity which would suggest that they might derive immediate economic benefit from environmental repositioning, and outlines strategies which might be employed. Particular reference is made to the case of Papua New Guinea, geographically adjacent to the south east Asian region of environmental concern, and which might offer itself to the international community as a locus for empirical, economic‐environmental experimen

ISSN:0968-0802    

DOI:10.1002/sd.3460020302

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEnvironmentally sustainable development's final aim is to bring a better quality of life for all time. To reach that objective, some economists see man‐made capital as the main constraining factor for economic growth. Others argue that such a unidirectional search for growth will not bring economic development since natural capital is the main constraint to long‐ term growth. A reconciliatory position is proposed in this paper by which the search for improved general welfare over time can only be pursued with consideration of the earth's sustainable capability to produce the resources we need and to absorb the waste we generate. Once the sustainability constraints are set, a benefit/cost framework is useful to establish development project priorities.To establish sustainability constraints requires changing mindsets, implementing new policies, both macro‐economic and sectoral, and changing and creating new laws and institutions, among other challenging tasks. As all these reforms are complex and cannot always be implemented quickly and efficiently, project appraisal has an important role to play in attaining incrementally a stage of sustainable development. The basic principle underlying appraisal of projects which have an important environmental dimension remains the same, once the right policies have been established. Some important additional considerations are supplementary streams of environmental inputs and outputs for which there may be inappropriate or no market prices and which should be valued indirectly, duly calculating user costs in both cases, a discount rate encompassing both the opportunity cost of capital and society's rate of time preference, and a different analysis of uncertainty which embodies the irreversibilities and discontinuities inherent in ecosystems. Projects need to be monitored carefully and be the object of homeostatic feedbacks similar to those encountered in natural ecosystems, if they are to fit in a strategy of sustainable development. Following this approach of appraisal and monitoring projects once an appropriate policy framework has been set in place, development banks are attempting to translate the concept of sustainability into economic development incrementally, project by pr

ISSN:0968-0802    

DOI:10.1002/sd.3460020303

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0968-0802    

DOI:10.1002/sd.3460020304

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0968-0802    

DOI:10.1002/sd.3460020305

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY