摘要:

SUMMARY EEG, EMG, EOG and core body temperature were recorded during baseline sleep and during recovery sleep from a 40–h constant routine in 9 male subjects. Slow‐wave sleep and slow‐wave activity (SWA, EEG power density 0.75–4.5 Hz) were enhanced in the first two nonREM sleep episodes of recovery sleep. Core body temperature was not significantly different in the last 30 minutes before lights out but was significantly higher during recovery sleep in the interval between lights out and sleep onset and during the first nonREM sleep episode. The data demonstrate that an enhancement of SWA/SWS is not necessarily accompanied by lower values of core body temperature, and therefore challenge the notion that SWS is the primary factor responsible for the steep decline of body temperature that occurs at the onset of the nightly slee

ISSN:0962-1105    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1993.tb00073.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY Both period‐amplitude analysis (PAA) and power spectral analysis (PSA) were performed on all‐night human sleep EEG recordings obtained from 11 subjects. The comparison of the two methods was based on the PAA variablestime in band(a wave incidence measure) andrectified amplitude, and on the PSA variablesspectral power density and spectral amplitude(the square root of power). The mean time course of these variables was determined for the first 4 nonREM‐REM sleep cycles. Spectral power density and spectral amplitude in the delta range were high in nonREM sleep and low in REM sleep, and showed a declining trend over consecutive nonREM sleep episodes. In the frequency range below 2 Hz, rectified amplitude was highly correlated with both time in band and spectral amplitude, and there was no evidence for a dissociation between wave amplitude and wave incidence measures. However, in frequencies above 2 Hz, the modulation of time in band was a mirror image of that below 2 Hz. This result does not reflect a property of the data, but is inherent to the methodology applied. The reversal point of modulation was merely shifted when the high‐pass filter settings were changed. It is concluded that band‐pass filtering is necessary prior to PAA even for the analysis of the lowest frequency range, and that the indiscriminate use of PAA may give rise to spuri

ISSN:0962-1105    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1993.tb00074.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY The duration of quiet sleep (QS) phases has been shown to increase during the first year of life. Slow‐wave sleep (SWS) appears in about half of the QS phases beyond 20 weeks. In order to evaluate the role of SWS in the lengthening of QS phase duration during the first year of life, we looked at 48 normal full‐term infants (aged between 1 and 54 weeks), recorded for a whole‐night period. Records included electro‐encephalogram (EEG) and other polygraphic parameters. Infants were separated into two groups: (1) those who did not show SWS episodes at all, and (2) those who show both QS phases with (QS SWS+) and without (QS SWS‐) SWS episodes. In group 2 the duration of QS SWS+ was longer than that of QS SWS, as well as longer than that of QS of group 1. Group 1 had a duration of QS phases similar to that of QS SWS‐. The duration of QS SWS+ depended both on the SWS latency and SWS duration. The lengthening of QS phases with age is accounted for by those phases containing SWS episodes, reflecting a maturational restru

ISSN:0962-1105    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1993.tb00075.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY A new cluster arousal analysis system was developed to quantify microdisturbances in the sleep architecture. The system was evaluated in 10 healthy volunteers and the sleep of 23 outpatients with chronic low back pain was investigated before and after a special rehabilitative training. The comparison of sleep parameters before and after the treatment showed a significant reduction of the cluster disturbed sleep (CDS), whereas sleep efficiency and the number of stage shifts remained unchanged. The reduction of the CDS correlated with a reduction of depression scale. This cluster arousal analysis appears to be a sensitive tool for evaluating alterations in the sleep microstructur

ISSN:0962-1105    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1993.tb00076.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY The relationship between snoring, sleep and smoking was investigated in young students from a survey by self‐administered questionnaire on sleep habits, conducted in high schools in the educational district of Lyons (France). Our sample consisted of 11,417 boys and 13,265 girls between 15 and 20 years of age.We found that 28.4% of girls and 38.8% of boys reported that they snored. In both sexes, snoring was associated with short (10h) sleep length, nocturnal awakenings and daytime sleepiness. Smoking was a risk factor for snoring. Multiple logistic regression showed that the odds‐ratio for habitual snoring increased when tobacco consumption increased from a 1.30 (moderate smokers) to 2.26 (heavy smokers) in girls and from 1.38 to 2.09 in boys.This dose‐effect relationship between smoking and snoring suggests that a substantial proportion of snoring cases is attributable to tobacco consumption in young s

ISSN:0962-1105    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1993.tb00077.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY In our retrospective study 27 narcoleptic patients were divided into two groups: Group A comprised 14 patients (10 male, 4 female) with a history of REM behaviour disorder (RBD) and Group B comprised 13 age‐ and sex‐matched patients (10 male, 3 female) without a history of RBD. Polygraphic and videometry data, medical history, medication, blood chemistry, psychological and neuroradiological data of the two groups of patients were compared.The narcoleptic patients with a history of RBD differed from the narcoleptic control group without history of RBD in that they had: (a) a higher frequency of parasomnias in their history; (b) a higher percentage of stage 1 REM (P<0.01); (c) a lower number of arousals during REM sleep; (d) fewer sleep stage changes. Compared to the heterogenous RBD patient group of Mahowald and Schenck, the REM behaviour of most of our narcoleptic patients was less violent.Thus it can be speculated that the motor disorder in REM sleep might still be in the process of developing towards a full‐blown REM sleep behaviour disorder. In a possible lifelong development of a motor disorder starting in NREM sleep, the onset of narcolepsy might represent the turning point for its intrusion into RE

ISSN:0962-1105    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1993.tb00078.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY Endogenous opiates have been shown to depress ventilation, and could therefore play a role in sleep apnoea syndrome (SAS). Hence, opiate antagonists have been used to treat SAS. The improvement they seem to give in blood‐gas monitoring could derive either from a direct blocking of endorphins that inhibit respiration or else, indirectly, through an influence on sleep patterns. The present study used a double blind cross‐over protocol to investigate the relationships between the effects on blood‐gas and on sleep patterns of the oral opiate antagonist naltrexone in obstructive SAS. Sleep patterns and transcutaneous blood gas (tcPO2and tcPCO2) were recorded in parallel. Control recordings, without treatment, were carried out over two nights, followed by two nights of recording after administration either of naltrexone followed by a placebo or of a placebo followed by naltrexone. The number of obstructive apnoea and hypopnoea events per hour of sleep (Apnoea‐Hypopnoea Index: AHI), of hypoxic events (defined as a tcPO2fall of at least 10, 15 or 20 mm Hg) and of hypercapnic events (defined as a tcPCO2increase of at least 5 mmHg) were counted. A Metabolic Suffering Index (MSI) was calculated, defined as the product of the number, duration and magnitude of hypoxic and hypercapnic events. Compared to placebo, naltrexone resulted in significant improvements in blood‐gas patterns for the duration and MSI of hypoxic events and for the number, duration and MSI of hypercapnic events. Likewise, compared to placebo, naltrexone induced significant decreases in total sleep time, slow‐wave sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and, on the other hand, significant increases in total wake time and in the number of wakenings per hour of sleep (NWh‐1). Certain naltrexone‐linked blood‐gas improvements were closely correlated with certain of the sleep pattern changes: the decrease in number and duration of hypoxic events correlated with REM‐time decrease and the decrease in number and duration of hypercapnic events correlated with the increase inNwh‐1. These findings suggest that the improvement in blood‐gas patterns induced by naltrexone in SAS may be mediated by sleep pattern effects: i.e. a decrease in REM‐time and an incre

ISSN:0962-1105    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1993.tb00079.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY According to a recent hypothesis the therapeutic effects of antidepressants might be related to acute or cumulative suppression of NREM sleep intensity. This intensity has been proposed to be expressed in the EEG power density in NREM sleep. In the present study the relationship was examined between the changes of EEG power density in NREM sleep and the changes in clinical state in 16 depressed patients during treatment with citalopram, a highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. A one‐week wash‐out period was followed by 1 week of placebo administration, a medication period of 5 weeks, and a one‐week placebo period. In order to minimize systematic influences of sleep duration and NREM‐REM sleep alterations, EEG power was measured over the longest common amount of NREM sleep stages 2, 3 and 4 (91.5 min). During the last treatment week and the week after withdrawal, a significant decrease of EEG power as compared to baseline was found in the 8–9 Hz frequency range. No clear‐cut change, however, was observed in the EEG power of the delta frequency range (1–4 Hz), which is considered to be the principle manifestation of NREMS intensity. Furthermore, no relationship between changes in EEG power density and changes in clinical state could

ISSN:0962-1105    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1993.tb00080.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY Two white‐coated (ten day‐old) and two grey‐spotted (one month‐old) pups of the harp seal were implanted with electrodes for recording the electrocorticograms of the two hemispheres, electrocardiogram, electrooculogram and electromyogram of the neck muscles. In all individuals ECoG slow waves always developed synchronously in both hemispheres. When white and grey pups were recorded on the snow, the amount of active wakefulness was, respectively, 21.1% (s.e. 11.8%) and 29.9% (s.e. 0.2%) of total recording time, quiet wakefulness = 27.1% (s.e. 4.4%) and 38.2% (s.e. 6.6%), drowsiness = 7.7% (s.e. 0.5%) and 2.07% (s.e. 0.9%), light slow‐wave sleep (SWS) = 15.1% (s.e. 3.2%) and 13.0% (s.e. 2.4%), deep SWS = 21.2% (s.e. 2.4%) and 13.8% (s.e. 3.8%), paradoxical sleep (PS) = 8.0% (s.e. 1.4%) and 7.4% (s.e. 1.1%). PS always followed SWS and was fragmented. Respiration was very rare and irregular in PS and a considerable part of PS episodes occurred within a single respiratory pause. During SWS all pups displayed respiratory pauses of up to three minutes, alternating with hyperventilation periods. Heart rate was lowest in PS. Peculiarities of sleep and the pace of sleep pattern development during the first month in seals may be adaptive to the cold environment and ice field drifting in th

ISSN:0962-1105    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1993.tb00081.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY Four young harp seals (aged three to five months) were implanted with electrodes for recording electrocorticograms (ECoG) of the two hemispheres, and electrocardiogram, electroculogram, and electromyogram of the neck muscles. In all the seals ECoG slow waves developed simultaneously in both hemispheres, irrespective of whether they slept on land, on the water surface or submerged. Slow‐wave sleep (SWS) was present in animals on the water surface and submerged, while paradoxical sleep (PS) occurred only when the animals were submerged. Breathing in SWS could be both regular (pauses less than twenty seconds) and intermittent (pauses lasting up to three minutes alternating with hyperventilation periods). All the PS episodes occurred during single respiratory pauses and ended by waking while the seal ascended to the water surface to breathe. Flipper movements were sometimes observed in SWS, but never in PS. The ability of harp seals to cease respiration during sleep and to sleep under water could be an adaptation to living conditons in the freezing s

ISSN:0962-1105    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1993.tb00082.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY