摘要:

SUMMARY Alpha activity occurring during sleep is generally considered to reflect arousal processes and a shift toward wakefulness. This long‐standing interpretation is based on physiological and behavioural arousal correlates of alpha activity presumed to have an occipital focus. In addition to the application of this interpretation to sleep/wake state determinations, there have been reports of nonrefreshing or nonrestorative sleep in clinical populations exhibiting dramatic amounts of alpha intrusion during sleep in the absence of awakening. Reports of the presence of alpha activity during sleep in normal subjects without sleep disruption or complaints of daytime sleepiness call into question the interpretation that this activity is associated with arousal. A re‐examination of this literature, incorporating the results from recent investigations employing multi‐site EEG recordings, electronic processing and source diple analyses of this activity, suggests the existence of alpha activity which differs in generation site (thalamus), scalp distribution (frontal‐central), and behavioural correlates (e.g. enhancement to stimulation during wakefulness, concentration in the first‐half of the night during sleep, and absence of sleep disturbance) from occipital alpha activity. Such marked differences in defining characteristics imply different functional correlates for these activities. In this context, it is proposed that this fronto‐central alpha activity is associated with sleep‐maintaining processes which may be enhanced in response to sleep‐

ISSN:0962-1105    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1995.tb00161.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY The number of K‐complexes recorded at the central‐temporal EEG derivation (C3‐T3) during 5 min periods for both the ascending and descending phase of Stage 2 of NREM sleep for cycles 1,2… etc. were counted in 10 subjects for each of the following five groups: normal persons, patients with a primary generalized form of epilepsy, narcolepsy, insomnia and obstructive sleep apnoea. The differences in time spent in different stages of sleep were as expected for these types of patients. A 2‐within, 1‐between factors, repeated measure ANOVA was applied to the data on K‐complexes. Overall, there was no significant difference between the number of K‐complexes observed during the ascending and descending phases of the different sleep cycles. Patients with a sleep disorder had significantly less well‐defined K‐complexes than the normals and the patients with a primary form of generalized epilepsy: for insomnia (P= 0.035), for apnoea (P= 0.011) and for narcolepsy (P= 0.001). There was a significant, but very low correlation coefficient between the number of K‐complexes observed during Stage 2 of NREM sleep and the time spent during that stage for all groups combined (Rho 0.27,P= 0.002) and for the narcoleptic patients (Rho 0.44,P= 0.017). In all, the findings lend support to the hypothesis that a K‐complex can be seen as a ‘defensive response’, or ha

ISSN:0962-1105    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1995.tb00162.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY Monoaminergic changes during sleep/wake cycles were investigated in the rostral hypothalamic areas since feeding, metabolism and sleep were shown to be causally related. Thus, the microdialysis probe was located stereotaxically in the ventromedial and paraventricular nuclei and cemented together with cortical electrodes for EEG sleep recordings. The monoaminergic changes were extensively investigated. Sampling of dialysates over six minutes in freely behaving rats showed an increase in 5‐HT and its metabolite 5‐HIAA during wakefulness. DOPAC rose during PS. The two other monoamines, DA and NA, remained unchanged. It appears that this method of investigation, extended in the future to other candidate areas and other dialysable substances, may provide us with a dynamic picture that characterizes the sleep/wake

ISSN:0962-1105    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1995.tb00163.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY Animal and human studies have related the sleeping/waking brain to the immune system. Because women are more susceptible to certain immunological illnesses, and sex steroids regulate immune functions, it was investigated whether the diurnal sleep/wake pattern of aspects of cellular immune functions and interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) and IL‐2‐like activities differed during low and high progesterone phases of the menstrual cycle.Eleven healthy women, mean age 24y, were assessed over 24h with serial venous blood samples. Peripheral blood monocytes were assayed for mitogen responses, i.e. phytohemagglutin (PHA) and pokeweed (PWM) and natural killer (NK) cell activities. Plasma was assayed for IL‐1 and IL‐2‐like activities, cortisol and progesterone. Data were standardized by Z transformation and analysed by repeated‐measures analysis of variance by comparing high (N= 5) vs. low (N= 6) progesterone phases.During the high progesterone phase, delayed slow‐wave sleep (SWS) onset time and reduced amount of SWS was accompanied by a delay in the decline of NK cell activity, but rise in PHA activity following sleep onset. With the low progesterone phase, the pattern was similar to men with an early sleep decline in NK cell and late sleep rise in PHA activities. PWM rose during the night and plasma IL‐1‐like activity peaked during midday and during nocturnal sleep irrespective of the amount of progesterone.Slow‐wave sleep and sleep‐related NK cell and PHA activities differed over the menstrual cycle, but not PWM response. Increases in plasma IL‐1 functions during midday and night are consistent with predisposition to

ISSN:0962-1105    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1995.tb00164.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY The all‐night sleep EEGs of 314 (191 women, 123 men) healthy older subjects between the ages of 45 and 90 were studied for age trends in the power spectra of the all‐night NREM sleep EEG. Power spectra of the unnormalized EEG of the women show a power loss in the delta band and a power increase in the beta band with increasing age. For the men no significant trends in the power spectra of the unnormalized EEG were in evidence. A normalization of the power spectra was performed by referencing each logarithmically expressed spectra to its area between 2 Hz and 30 Hz. For both genders the normalized spectra show significant decreases in power at many frequencies below 16 Hz and significant increases in power at frequencies above 18 Hz with increasing age. The age trends observed in the spectra of this population (45‐90y age group) are about a third of the magnitude of those reported in the literature for subjects between the ages of 20y

ISSN:0962-1105    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1995.tb00165.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY A variety of epidemiological sleep parameters was evaluated in 574 Finnish schoolchildren (age 7 to 17 years) and in their parents (454 mothers and 390 fathers). Three questionnaire forms were set, one for the pupil and two for his/her parents including information of sleep habits, disorders, and social background of the pupil and his/her family. The pupils were grouped by age (two preadolescent groups: 7.1–9.3 y and 9.4–13 y, adolescents 13.1–17.1 y) and sex. It was found that bedtime was more often after 22.00 hours among adolescents than preadolescents both at weekends and on weekdays. At weekends the wake‐up time was later in adolescents than preadolescents but on weekdays it was opposite in boys. On weekdays girls went earlier to bed than boys and woke up earlier than boys. Total sleep durations both on weekdays and at weekends were longer in preadolescent than in adolescent groups, and longer during weekend nights than on weekday nights in all groups. Girls experienced more dreaming and night waking, but boys snored more. Daytime sleepiness patterns were more common in adolescents than in preadolescents. Children who experienced daytime sleepiness more often had fathers with daily sleep urges.An association was found between age and sleep habits and some daytime sleepiness patterns; adolescents went to bed later and slept less, and had more problems with alertness during daytime than preadolescents. Some differences were also found between boys and girls. The daytime sleepiness of pupils correlated with the same symptom i

ISSN:0962-1105    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1995.tb00166.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY The objectives of this study were to test the sensitivity of the short form 36 health survey questionnaire (SF 36) to sleep disruption in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and assess its use as an outcome measure for treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Two hundred and twenty‐three subjects under investigation for snoring and/or daytime somnolence completed the questionnaire at presentation and again after a six month period. Subjects with OSA requiring treatment scored lower on all dimensions of the SF 36 (P<0.05) than normative scores for the general population. The largest differences were for vitality (24%) and social functioning (27.9%). After six months of treatment with CPAP there was an improvement in all scores and the score for vitality was no longer significantly different from that of the general population. The SF 36 is sensitive to the effects of sleep disruption in subjects with obstructive sleep apnoea, is a useful outcome measure for treatment with CPAP and its value in other sleep disorders should be asses

ISSN:0962-1105    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1995.tb00167.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY To verify whether upper airway surgery in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome affects differently respiration in NREM and REM sleep, 22 patients were studied by polysomnography before and three months after surgical treatment. On the average, treatment improved respiration during both sleep states, but no significant interaction was found between sleep state and effect of surgical treatment. According to the response to treatment, three groups of patients were identified: the first group (N= 6), with an improvement in apnoea‐hypopnoea index (AHI), percentage of sleep time spent in apnoea and hypopnoea (time in AH) and mean oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SaO2) in both NREM and REM sleep; the second group (N= 5), with an improvement in AHI only in NREM sleep, associated with improvement in mean SaO2in both sleep states; the third group (N= 11), without any improvement in AHI and time in AH, either associated (N= 5) or not (N= 6) with an improvement in mean SaO2in both sleep states. An increase in the percentage of hypopnoeas out of the total AHI after treatment could partly account for the apparent discrepancy between AHI and mean SaO2behaviour in the subjects of the second group, but not in the patients of the third group who improved their mean SaO2. Mixed apnoeas occurred before surgery in six subjects; they remained numerous after surgery only in two subjects who did not show any SaO2improvement. In conclusion, the degree of improvement in respiration after upper airway surgery was similar in every patient in NREM and REM sl

ISSN:0962-1105    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1995.tb00168.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0962-1105    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1995.tb00169.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY