摘要:

Abstract.From the original Downs (1957) conceptualization to the Enelow and Hinich (1984) reformulation, ideology has been the key organizing dimension for electoral competition in the spatial model. The unidimensional spatial model is best suited to responsible multiparty systems where left‐right position is known to be an important determinant of individual political behaviour. We contrast the traditional spatial model with the directional model recently proposed by Rabinowitz and Macdonald (1989) and test the models using data from six northern European democracies. Based on 57 different parties, the results suggest that even in this unidimensional ideological context the cleavage‐oriented directional model provides a better explanation of mass attachments to political part

ISSN:0304-4130    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1994.tb00414.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.This article describes the process of the aggregation of individual ministerial preferences into group decisions in a national cabinet, on the basis of a sample of crucial Dutch foreign policy decisions as described in the minutes of the council of ministers. The results of the study show that decisions in the cabinet were mainly made according to the norms of this group, which were consensus and the non‐interference of ministers in issues not concerning their department. Consensus turned out to be of secondary importance as compared with noninterference; key ministers could push through decisions by majority rule if they had consensus among themselves. Since specialists mostly made the decisions, the task of non‐specialist ministers was mainly to function as approvers or disapprovers, though they did make some minorcontributions in cases of disagreement among the specialists.When there was agreement among the specialists they followed a process resembling the analytic model, i. e. one based on consideration of the consequences. However, when there was disagreement between specialists, they engaged in a cybernetic decision process, reviewing sequentially a large number of options, neglecting the consequences and striving for a consensus option such as incremental action, which would frequently be the result of a comprom

ISSN:0304-4130    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1994.tb00415.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Although the ‘gender gap’ in Western democratic publics has received an increasing amount of scholarly attention, one interesting anomaly has not been addressed. At the level of many specific issues, women appear to be more liberal than men. However, at the level of general ideological orientations, women are either more conservative, or there are no significant gender differences. We explore this disjuncture between levels of cognitive abstraction through the 1984 Eurobarometer data and conclude that the left‐right continuum appears to have a different meaning for men and for women. Women seem much more likely to regard the left‐right space as referring to ‘preservationist’ values of religion and cultural homogeneity, and men conceptualize the left‐right space in economic and ‘New

ISSN:0304-4130    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1994.tb00416.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.This paper presents new data on the differential impact of the East German ‘participatory revolution’ on attitudes of youth in both Eastern and Western regions of unified Germany. A 1991 Youth Survey indicates that the overall 1991 level of approval for most noninstitutional tactics was roughly similar to the 1980 levels reported in the Political Action Studies. The notable exception was support for political demonstrations which was considerably higher, presumably in response to the participatory mobilization in the East. There was a strong regional effect with demonstrations receiving higher ratings in the East (the former German Democratic Republic) than in the West for all age groups. This apparent ‘tactic‐specific’ effect suggests the ‘participatory revolution’ is characterized by a ‘lead’ in the more dramatic tactics and a ‘lag’ in the more subtle techniques of democratic participation. Western males showed hints of a different age‐related pattern than did males in the East, or females in both regions ‐ a finding that may indicate a combination of gender and regional effects. In both regions approval for demonstrations was associated with left‐of‐center political party preference and with identificatio

ISSN:0304-4130    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1994.tb00417.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.Probably the most famous dictum about parties' internal structures is Robert Michels' ‘iron law of oligarchy’. Over the past two decades, however, the societal context within which parties are embedded has begun to change which may alter the psychological premise upon which Michels’ law is based. More specifically, we hypothesize that New Politics proponents within established parties are disproportionately likely to rely on cues from local party branches, instead of leadership cues, in forming issue positions on intra‐party controversies. Accordingly, this paper analyzes the influence of New Politics issues on the leadership‐constituency views of party delegates within fifty‐two West European parties. In addition, we analyze the relative contribution of party ideology and party structures to the evolution of mean party support for NP policies and constituency orientations. The data base for this paper is a unique study of convention delegates conducted in all major West European parties, and a study of party characteristics. We find that New Politics supporters, especially within socialist parties, are predisposed to emphasize the representation of their local party constituency, in case the views of local party branches and a party's national leadership clash. We assess the implications of this research for parties and party theories, especially M

ISSN:0304-4130    

DOI:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1994.tb00418.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY