摘要:

ABSTRACT.Self‐injurious behaviour (SIB) is a relatively common phenomenon among severely retarded persons and involves various repetitious behaviours resulting in tissue damage. Perhaps because of the damage it does, the behaviour has generated a considerable amount of applied research and discussion, and much of this research has involved attempts to reduce SIB through the manipulation of antecedents or consequences. The purpose of this paper was to determine the extent to which those conducting this research used a functional analysis of SIB to determine why the behaviour was occurring and subsequently matched treatment to one of these reasons. Results showed that only a small proportion of the studies reported analyses that would allow the experimenter to determine reasons for the self‐injurious behaviour. The discussion centres on why functional analyses are not conducted in ways that would lend treatment to be based on hypotheses of why SIB occ

ISSN:0964-2633    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1990.tb01521.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.An investigation of the effects of music therapy on profoundly mentally handicapped adults is reported. The therapy was directed at achieving specific objectives for individuals and the study compared the efficacy of music therapy and play activities in achieving these objectives. Four subjects out of the 12 included in the therapy groups were studied intensively. All subjects received both treatments in a reversal design with 20 weekly sessions of each treatment. Videotapes of the treatment sessions were analysed using a time‐sampling method to record the occurrence of behaviour indicating the achievement of the individual treatment objectives. Staff behaviour in the treatment sessions was also observed to investigate the role of staff attention in mediating the treatment effects. The observations of staff behaviour showed that, overall, there was less individual attention given during music therapy than in play sessions, that there was a much greater role differentation among the staff present in the music therapy groups and that individual clients in the groups received markedly unequal amounts of staff attention. For all four subjects studied in detail, some differences in behaviour were shown between the treatments and most, but not all, of these differences indicated greater effectiveness of music therapy. For one subject showing higher performance in play sessions than in music therapy, this could be attributed to a higher level of staff attention for this subject. The differences in favour of music therapy could not be accounted for in this way. It is concluded that music therapy is a useful treatment approach with profoundly handicapped peopl

ISSN:0964-2633    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1990.tb01522.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The study investigated the changes in social activities and social network of people with mild learning difficulties who moved from family home and from a long‐stay hospital to live more independently in the cummunity, Twenty‐five people with a learning difficulty, 12 mothers and 33 members of stuff participated in this siudy based on interviews before and alter the move to the community. It was found that people with a learning difficulty participated in more comrminity‐bascd activities after the move but they had very few opportunities to meet non‐handicapped people, Their segregation remained a main source of dissatisfaction with their soci

ISSN:0964-2633    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1990.tb01523.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The attitudes to people with mental handicaps held by a group of parents of children with mental handicaps and a group of doctors with some involvement in this area were compared using postal questionnaires. Doctors' estimates of how parents would respond were also compared with parents' responses and doctors' own responses. Four Likert‐type scales were refined covering attitudes towards the effect on the family, the place in society of people with mental handicaps, their quality of life, and independence and autonomy. Results indicated that parents had more positive attitudes than doctors except with regard to independence and autonomy, to which doctors had the most positive attitudes. Doctors were aware that parents were likely to see the effect on the family in a more positive light, and independence less positively, than themselves. However, they underestimated the degree of positivity of parents about the place of people with mental handicaps in society, and their quality of life, to the extent that they expected parents to be significantlylesspositive about quality of life than they themselves were, whilst parents in fact proved significantlymorepositive. The differing perspectives and experiences of parents and doctors are discussed and some suggestions made of ways in which doctors' appreciation of the parental perspective could be developed in an attempt to facilitate sympathetic communication between the

ISSN:0964-2633    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1990.tb01524.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Two experiments are reported which tested short‐term recall of lists of four sign or four word labels by severely handicapped children. The findings suggest that the subjects were more efficient at processing words than signs in short‐term memory, and that their organization of sign and word lists were affected by the length of time the material had to be held in short‐term store. Both of these effects were influenced by whether or not the subjects had to use the stimuli as labels when making a res

ISSN:0964-2633    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1990.tb01525.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The ability to comprehend syntactically ordered sequence by Down's syndrome adults and adults with mental retardation of no specific aetiology was studied. Both samples exhibited patterns of comprehension that resembled those of children who are not mentally retarded. However, the Down's syndrome individuals had significantly more difficulty when sequence was indicated by syntax with no supporting extralinguistic context. The Down's syndrome adults appeared to be arrested at an earlier stage of development than the other mentally retarded adults.

ISSN:0964-2633    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1990.tb01526.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.It is well established that there is an increased frequency of atlanto‐axial instability in Down's syndrome. In two out of the 27 patients with Down's syndrome who were examined, there was an atlanto‐axial dislocation, bus without any corresponding neurological symptoms. However, scrutiny of me X‐rays revealed many cases with marked degenerative changes, particularly in the upper part of the cervical spine. The degenerative changes in Down's syndrome patients were compared with those in age‐ and sex‐matched patients examined because of cerviealgia. Patients examined because of acute neck traumatas constituted a second control group. I he results indicate that there is a significant increase in degenerative changes in the upper part of the cervical spine in Down's

ISSN:0964-2633    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1990.tb01527.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The thyroid status of 106 adults with Down's syndrome was assessed. Six were previously diagnosed as hypothyroid and were already receiving thyroxine. A further 37 patients showed abnormal thyroid function. Biochemical evidence of hypothyroidism (T44 mu/50 nmol/1 and T.S.H. between 4 and 20 mu/l). There was one patient with milJ thyroloxicosis (T4= 180 nmol/1 and T.S.H.<0.1 mu/l). Clinical findings were of little use in making a diagnosis of hypothyroidism in this group of patients. A raised level of thyroid microsomal auto‐antibodies was found in about a third of the patients, this occurred more commonly in females and slightly more often in those with a raised thyroid stimulating hormone. The importance of this is discussed. Recommendations for regular biochemical screening are mad

ISSN:0964-2633    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1990.tb01528.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.A 26‐year‐old profoundly mentally handicapped woman with Down's syndrome and severe self‐injurious behaviour was treated by dietary means. Treatment consisted of regular institutional entrees, supplemented with serotonin‐containing foods, and modified to ensure dietary sources of potassium each intake and low protein relative to carbohydrate. Dramatic benefit was evident the first day and, after 6 months self‐hitting was still close to 90% lower than baseline rates. Relevant literature was discussed regarding why a serotonergic approach was chosen for reducing se

ISSN:0964-2633    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1990.tb01529.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.A case report of a 33‐year‐old woman wich atypical bipolar disorder, autistic disorder, profound mental retardation and a chromosomal anomaly is presented. This patient is behaviourally similar to a patient reported by Akuffoet al.(1986), who apparently did not have a chromosomal investigation. The chromosomal anomaly and similarities between the two patients are discus

ISSN:0964-2633    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2788.1990.tb01530.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY