摘要:

AbstractComparison of certified clinical diagnoses with autopsy findings showed that, while the major cause of death was confirmed in 61 per cent. of cases, many diagnoses—both major and contributory—were wrong; many clinical diagnoses were either disproved or relegated to a less important role, and many autopsy findings had not apparently been anticipated. Accuracy was particularly poor in some clinical categories: notably cerebro‐vascular disease and infections. In these, the diagnosis was more often wrong than right. Thus, death certificates are unreliable as a source of diagnostic data.The clinician's confidence in his major diagnosis bore a fairly close relationship to the frequency of its confirmation. Nevertheless, even when certified as “fairly certain”, the major diagnosis was wrong in about one‐quarter of these cases.An attempt was made to assess the significance of incorrect diagnoses; one half of these might be clinically significant.Diagnostic accuracy did not improve with the time spent in hospital, and it bore an inverse relationship to the pa

ISSN:0022-3417    

DOI:10.1002/path.1711330402

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA further analysis of 1152 hospital autopsies provides data on inaccuracies of specific diagnoses; there are many examples of overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis. All were encountered in a routine hospital autopsy service and their frequency confirms the importance of the hospital autopsy in medical audit. A knowledge of the misdiagnoses which recur frequently could provide guidance in the selection of cases for autopsy.

ISSN:0022-3417    

DOI:10.1002/path.1711330403

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn male Wistar rats of the BD I strain, mononuclear macrophages and multinucleate giant cells obtained from the peritoneum 1 day to 5 weeks after implantation of coverslips coated with dermoid cyst sebum, were examined by light microscopy and immunofluorescence microscopy, using antibodies specific for actin and tubulin and also by scanning and transmission electron microscopy.In activated mononuclear macrophages, microtubules radiate, from the centrioles, situated in the perinuclear area, into the cytoplasm and the major cell processes. Microfilaments form a dense meshwork beneath the plasmalemma. When mononuclear macrophages fuse to form multinucleate giant cells, the initially unordered (“Foreign body”) syncytia still reveal the original distribution patterns of centrioles, microtubules and micro‐filaments similar to those seen in the individual cells. In the ordered (Langhans) multinucleate giant cell all centrioles are accumulated in a main pluricorpuscular central group. Centrioles are the initiating and organising centres in the formation of microtubules. From the centrioles microtubules extend into the entire cytoplasm of the syncytium as a uniformly organised, stellate, radial system. The centrosphere, which is characteristic for ordered multinucleate giant cells, seems free from micro‐filaments, which form a ring‐shaped woven network encircling the nuclei.Depolymerisation and inhibition of microtubules upon exposure to colchicine, indicates that both the organisation of the cytoplasm and the cellular movements depend on the undisturbed coordination of centrioles, microtubules and microfilaments. This applies also to the fusion of mononuclear macrophages to form syncytia, the ordering processes within multinucleate giant cells, and the function of ordered gi

ISSN:0022-3417    

DOI:10.1002/path.1711330404

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMale inbred Fischer rats were fed a diet containing 5 p.p.m. aflatoxin for 1, 3, 4½ and 6 weeks at which times groups were killed for histological and histochemical study. Aflatoxin produced a scattered individual cell necrosis of parenchymal cells by 1 week. At 3 weeks small basophilic proliferative foci were seen which increased in size and abundance to 6 weeks. These foci showed starvation‐resistant glycogen, variable depletion of glucose‐6‐phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, aniline hydrogenase, membrane ATPase and acid phosphatase. At 6 weeks the foci showed the presence of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase. The basophilic foci were not preceded by other focal histological and histochemical change. The basophilic proliferative lesions are observed when an irreversible change has been induced in the liver. The role of such lesions in the histogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma is

ISSN:0022-3417    

DOI:10.1002/path.1711330405

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effect of whole cigarette smoke on rat airway epithelium and of the addition of an anti‐inflammatory drug, phenylmethyloxadiazole (PMO), to the tobacco, was studied in experiments extending up to 6 weeks. Two airway levels were studied, the left main extrapulmonary bronchus and a distal intrapulmonary bronchiolus.After cigarette smoke alone, the greatest change was found in the main extrapulmonary bronchus where there was an increase in epithelial thickness due to cell hypertrophy and a change in cell shape. The number of cells increased in proportion to the duration of exposure. Hyperplasia was not preceded by epithelial degeneration or necrosis. In the animals exposed to tobacco smoke alone, ciliated, mucous and basal cells increased whilst intermediate and epithelial serous cells decreased in number.The appearance of cells intermediate in structure suggests that epithelial serous cells transformed into mucous cells. The change involved an increase in secretory granule size, number and electronlucency, the last probably reflecting a chemical alteration in the glycoprotein. In ciliated cells, mitochondria increased in length. The concentration of dividing cells increased, notably at days 1 and 7.Addition of PMO to the tobacco, 2 per cent. by weight, diminished the increase in bronchial epithelial thickness, cell size, mucous cell number and percentage of dividing cells seen after tobacco smoke alone: the shift in proportion of the various cell types was similar except that the increase in ciliated cell number was much greater than the increase seen with tobacco smoke alon

ISSN:0022-3417    

DOI:10.1002/path.1711330406

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-3417    

DOI:10.1002/path.1711330401

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY