ISSN:0040-747X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9663.1995.tb00707.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0040-747X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9663.1995.tb00708.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe end of the Cold War and accompanying changes in the global geopolitical order created a vastly different context for US foreign aid. Since American aid was mostly given for geopolitical reasons, foreign aid required a new rationale. These changes in the global environment coincided with waning domestic support for foreign aid and a new tendency to ‘put America first’, as well as mounting criticism of the institutions dealing with US aid and the legislative framework. A clear response to these new demands first materialized in 1994 with the introduction of important new legislation, and the revocation of the Foreign Aid Act of 1961. In writing, the new legislation attempts to honor demands from various constituencies. These include calls for more business oriented aid, for environmentally responsible aid, for a return to true development aid, and for aid that helps promote new security interests of the United States. In practice, there are some notable shifts in aid flows. The most important are those from former strategic allies in the Cold War to the former communist states in East Europe. One of the conclusions is that, despite continued disagreement among constituencies in the United States, geopolitical motives still prevail in US foreign aid policy: it is only the regional contexts that cha

ISSN:0040-747X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9663.1995.tb00709.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTJapan recently became the world's largest bilateral aid donor. Tokyo views foreign aid as a ‘main pillar’ of its foreign policy for addressing post‐Cold War global challenges. Western understanding of Japanese foreign aid remains a poorly understood perspective both in the foreign aid and Japan studies literature. Therefore, this article improves conceptualization of Japan's aid activities by focusing on past trends, present changes and possible future developments. An approach is adopted in this study that focuses on both the Japanese domestic policymaking environment and the international context. Empirical evidence suggests that the Japanese employed an ‘entrepreneurial’ approach to aid that incorporates strong private sector involvement and a regional Asia‐Pacific concentration but that its approach is gradually changing toward a more multidimensional one. The ‘perceived’ success of Japanese aid involvement enables Tokyo to promote its international development approach as an alternative to the Wes

ISSN:0040-747X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9663.1995.tb00710.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe member states of the European Community contribute more than 45% of the total aid provided by all bilateral foreign aid donors. In addition, the EC foreign aid program is the second biggest budget item of this organization. However, there has been little coordination of the bilateral aid programs of the EC member states. To date, there is no common EC foreign aid policy. The geographic distribution of the aid sent by the EC member states has instead been defined by a mix of old colonial ties, economic interests and humanitarian values. The creation of the European Union, involving further foreign policy coordination among the EU member states, and the opening‐up of Eastern Europe after the fall of Communism have hardly changed this picture. While present aid from the EU and the EU member states as a whole shows a concentration on Africa, the Middle East, South Asia and Eastern Europe, this aid is not guided by any division of labour or common EU principles. Rather, it is determined by the foreign policy interests of each donor state. This situation is not likely to change in the futur

ISSN:0040-747X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9663.1995.tb00711.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAid to eastern Europe is designed specifically for macro‐economic stabilization and projects in infrastructure, nuclear weapons and nuclear waste disposal, improvement of the environment, training, transfer of technology and acquisition of know‐how related to the functioning of democratic institutions, market economies and administrative systems. Most of these aid programmes are conditional upon adoption of far reaching economic and political reforms. Unfortunately, the donor countries lack coherent strategy and political will to devote substantial resources to the goal of stabilization of eastern Europe. Western aid is often considered in eastern Europe as overly cautious and overdue. Ethnic conflicts, the depth of economic decline and the sheer size of this region contribute to the confusion and shortsightedness of aid policies. Western aid is unlikely to make any significant impact on the process of reforms and stabilization of eastern Europe if it is to continue unmodif

ISSN:0040-747X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9663.1995.tb00712.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAfrica has become an aid addict. After a brief discussion of the relative importance of aid in present‐day Africa, the geography of aid is described. Political independence meant a proliferation of aid donors and aid arrangements for the African continent. In most new states aid was dominated by the former colonial masters first, but became much more diversified later. However, there is a clear difference between the former British (and Portuguese) and the former French (and Belgian) colonies. Among the new bilateral aid ‘donors’, first the USA became important, followed by East Bloc, German, Scandinavian, and Arab inroads during the 1970s and increased participation by Japan and Italy during the 1980s, while the East Bloc involvement virtually disappeared. During the late 1970s, it also seemed that multilateral aid would become more important, and some thought that within Europe the EC would take over from the various bilateral partners. However, during the 1980s the percentage of multilateral aid in total aid flows and central EC aid in total aid from EC‐Europe stagnated at a rather low level. An interesting phenomenon was the increasing importance of non‐governmental organizations as a channel for aid money from northern governments and multilateral agencies. The changes in the relative importance of official development assistance (ODA) versus ‘other official flows’ and ‘private flows’ during the 1980s are described, and the patterns of aid are compared with the patterns of trade. Finally, aid is compared with development performance and the consequences of large aid dependency are seen to support a ‘rent mentality’ that is detri

ISSN:0040-747X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9663.1995.tb00713.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0040-747X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9663.1995.tb00714.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0040-747X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9663.1995.tb00715.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY