ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706729102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1941

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper presents the results of an analysis of thermometric records at Greenwich Observatory over the period 1841‐1936 undertaken with the object of ascertaining the number of occasions on which each day of the year gave a mean temperature above and below the smoothed average value to specified extents. Days with positive departures of at least 10°F. and 15°F. are classed as “warm” and “very warm,” and those with corresponding negative departures as “cold” and “very cold,” respectively. Diagrams and tables referring these several categories to the seasons and calendar months, as well as to pentads and individual dates, are given and discussed. It is shown that the average year contains 17·5 “warm” days, 0·7 “very warm” days, 11 “cold” days, and 1·3 “very cold” days; that the winter months December to February provide 43 per cent of the “warm” days, 53 per cent of the “cold days,” and 86 per cent of the “very cold” days; that there is an entire absence of “very cold” days from March 17 to November 15; and that only three “cold” days are on record for August. Instances, 15 in all, of very exceptional heat and cold, represented by daily mean temperatures at least 20°F. above and below the average, are also listed, special reference being made to the single extant case of a positive departure so great as 20°F. (May 22, 1922). Explanations are

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706729103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1941

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706729104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1941

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRecent additions to our knowledge of the structure of the water vapour spectrum (Elsasser 1940), and the atmospheric transmission of infra‐red radiation (Adel 1939), have tended to emphasise the importance of atmospheric radiation as a fundamental factor in meteorological processes.Normally the greater part of this radiation comes from the large quantities of water vapour present in the air, but there are certain important regions of the atmosphere where the amount of water vapour is extremely small and where a large part of the radiation comes from the carbon dioxide always present.It is probable that measurements of carbon dioxide absorption and radiation have been more numerous and extensive than for most other gases, but these observational data are scattered through the scientific literature of many decades and in several languages; also they are usually presented in a form which cannot be applied to atmospheric conditions and which requires much coordination and simplification before it can be used for the calculation of energy exchanges. In the following pages these measurements are reviewed and the different sets of observations are compared with the aid of a simple function which will give the absorption by any quantity of CO2in the different wave band

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706729105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1941

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMethods of calculating the eddy diffusivity κ are discussed. It is shown that methods which assume that κ can be regarded as independent of the height, even through a shallow layer, lead to erroneous results: in consequence the frequent use in the literature of the approximate equation of transfer of heat κθ||=θ is to be deplored. It is also shown that there is a large diurnal variation of κ at any level, and that neglect of this may also lead to incorrect and discordant results. Using the values obtained for κ, it is shown that certain features of the temperature variation cannot be explained by convection alone, and it is suggested that they may possibly be due to rad

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706729106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1941

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706729107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1941

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706729108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1941

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706729109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1941

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706729110

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1941

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706729111

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1941

数据来源: WILEY