摘要:

AbstractThe development of long‐distance air routes in recent years has necessitated the expansion of meteorological services in different countries and, in certain cases, the establishment of organised meteorological services where none existed previously. A position is thus being approached gradually in which an organised system of meteorological observations will exist over the greater part of the globe, and material for a study of world meteorology, to an extent hitherto unknown, will be available to investigators.In the case of the long trans‐ocean air routes which are projected, a special study of prevalent meteorological conditions from the point of view of aviation is necessary. The fundamental data in such cases are supplied by observations from selected ships which bridge the gaps between the fixed continental observing stations and so contribute to the world network.Certain of the meteorological problems which have arisen, owing to the proposed establishment of a regular trans‐Atlantic air service, are discussed both from the point of view of aviation requirements and also as contributing to meteorological knowledge. A brief account is also given of the organisation devised to ensure an adequate meteorological service for trans‐ocean

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706427602

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706427603

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706427604

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe unusual temperature readings at Garforth and Wokingham, and later those of Mr. E. L. Hawke at Rickmansworth, suggested an examination of local records near Nottingham. The author has found that considerable variations occur in the Nottingham district, though the topography offers no unusual features. An area of relatively high land, with irregular spurs, stretches north‐north‐east from Nottingham Castle. The monthly values of three stations for the nine years 1928‐1936, and those of five other stations for other periods, are analysed. It is found that local differences of 10°F. in the minima may occur, and the mean monthly minima may differ by over 4°F. Average differences are tabulated. A detailed daily analysis of four stations is made for the two years April, 1935, to March, 1937. It shows that variations tend to be greatest with winds from north‐west through north to east, and least with south to west winds. Although fine weather, a rising barometer and a low humidity favour large variations, it appears that conditions producing low minima do not always give appreciable differences. Rainy, windy conditions bring the differences to a minimum. Differences of 6°F. in the maxima may occur on certain warm sunny days in summer, and variations of 8°F. in foggy conditions. Topographical features give Attenborough the most “continental” temperatures. The importance of uniformity in the hours of setting the thermometers is demonstrated, and positions are indicated where additional screens might g

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706427605

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper describes:‐aThe moisture content of subsiding polar continental air over North America, under conditions when there was no likelihood of an increase in the moisture content due to precipitation from overrunning air. Two situations of this type are discussed, and no evidence is found of any appreciable increase above 850 mb.bThe degree of homogeneity in polar continental air masses. The vertical distributions of wet‐bulb potential temperature Θ1as observed nearly simultaneously at adjacent stations within an air mass are discussed in relation to their effect on the accuracy of computations of subsidence.cThe vertical velocity of air in the warm sector of a depression. It is shown that in the warm sector considered, the ascent of the air near the surface was nearly twice as rapid as that at about 600 mb. The vertical velocity of the surface air was of the order of 4 cm./sec., and that of the air at about 600 mb. was of the order of 2 cm./sec.dThe effect of turbulence in the air near the surface. The changes of temperature and moisture content in the surface layers of a moving air mass are discussed in the light of the theory of turbulence, as developed by Richardson and Ta

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706427606

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSome of the most authentic data of the general rainfall over British drainage areas and the run‐off in annual periods are marshalled. The difference between these observed quantities of water—i.e., the losses in annual periods from all causes—is fundamentally accepted from other research to be principally the effect of evaporation including evapo‐transpiration.The paper examines the variation in the annual total loss over eight drainage areas by a statistical method. It is postulated that loss is a joint function of meteorological elements and the geological formation penetrated by any rain water; further, that in the present stage the joint functional causation can be simplified to one of separate functions. Thus, it is assumed that the variations in loss can be associated with the rainfall providing the opportunity for evaporation, with the temperature, with the sunshine, and (as following the primary loss in the zone of aeration, influent seepage may provide a flow in the zone of saturation which later may provide a deferred opportunity for evaporation from the capillary fringe and effluent seepage from ground water) with the geological formation. Regressions of loss on the available postulated controls have been inferred. By inductive reasoning, an equation is found approximately representing the observations over the eight areas, by which the annual loss expected on account of various influences can be es

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706427607

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNew organisation for phenological‐ecological research. Modifications in analysis and presentation of results; comparison of past and new methods; plants and insects.Explanatory: arrangement of tables, appendices and diagrams. New diagrams showing phenological events and meteorological factors in juxtaposition.Ecological aspects.Conclusions and proposals for further progres

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706427608

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA record is given of the various atmospheric optical phenomena observed during the ten months' occupation of a station on the inland ice of North East Land (80° N., 20° E.) by the Oxford University Arctic Expedition, 1935‐36.As well as the more common mock‐suns and mock‐moons, several complexes were observed, notably on June 6, 1936, when the comparatively rare Parry arc occurred.There were also many instances of a phenomenon which has occasionally been described previously, but which has not been distinguished from others, with which it usually occurs simultaneously. It takes the form of a pair ofwhitemock‐suns on or near the visible horizon; they do not appear to be essentially connected with the usual “prismatic” halo phenomena. The name “hypohelia” is

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706427609

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe determinations of the solar constant obtained by the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institute during the last thirty years are discussed below, with results which point to the conclusion that the observed variations are mainly due to the defects in the methods of determining the solar constant. If this conclusion is accepted the subsequent work based on the supposed variability of the solar constant is not valid.

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706427610

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt is known that certain meteorological stations frequently record a mean sea level pressure which is lower than that which would be expected from the general run of the isobars by amounts up to about one millibar. These stations are located in over exposed situations, such as the tip of a promontory, where the wind speed may be appreciably in excess of the speed in an ideal exposure. In steady motion, the flow of wind over or round the promontory conforms with Bernoulli's equation, which gives a relation between pressure and velocity at points on the same stream line. It is shown that a reasonable increase of wind speed above normal produces a decrease of pressure of the right magnitude. The equation is applied in the first instance to steady frictionless motion, but it is shown that the results apply with little variation to' the How of surface air, as modified by friction.

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49706427611

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1938

数据来源: WILEY