ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49708536602

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn previous papers it has been shown that the glacial and pluvial periods of the Pleistocene can be explained qualitatively on the assumption that during this period there were three oscillations of solar radiation. Accepting this assumption the present day zonal temperatures ‐ mean temperatures along a circle of latitude ‐ are considered and the physics of the relationship between changes in solar radiation and the consequent changes in the zonal temperatures are discussed. By a graphical method of trial and error a family of curves relating the zonal temperatures of all latitudes with the oscillations of the solar radiation is prepared and discussed. These results are tabulated and used to plot curves showing the variations of the zonal temperatures of five latitudes between the Equator and the North Pole during a complete cycle of solar radiation and applied to the glacial and interglacial periods.The difference between the actual temperatures of any place and the zonal temperature of the latitude on which it is situated ‐ the so‐called temperature anomaly ‐ is then discussed and two diagrams are prepared showing the local temperatures at places in the British Isles and North America during the last cycle of solar radiation embracing the period from the beginning of the Mindel‐Riss interglacial to the present day. The geological evidence for the temperatures thus derived is briefl

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49708536603

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIodine‐131 and other radio‐elements were emitted from the stack of the Pile No. 1 at Windscale, Cumberland, during the night of 10‐11 October 1957. The detailed distribution of the activity deposited on the ground was determined as far south as Preston and Leeds. The deposition of the radio‐iodine is attributed mainly to diffusion to the grass, but washout by rain and precipitation from some nearby cooling towers may have increased the rate of fallout in som

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49708536604

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe reactor accident at Windscale on 10‐11 October 1957 resulted in the release of radioactive fission products into the atmosphere over a period of several hours. Measurements were made of the fission products, particularly iodine‐131, collected on filters exposed for the study of atmospheric pollution in many places in the United Kingdom and Europe: measurements were also made of the iodine‐131 deposited on grass. These showed that the effluent had been widely dispersed, but that activities over England were about an order of magnitude greater than those found over the neighbouring areas of the continent. Meteorological trajectory analysis showed that the main portion of the cloud had remained over England until 15 October, and that the activities over continental Europe were due to the eastern edge of the cloud.Meteorological data were used together with the air concentration data to deduce that about 22,000 curies of iodine‐131 were present in the cloud as it passed over south Lancashire and Yo

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49708536605

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe oldest extant weather diary for Ireland is critically examined and the results presented in a series of tables. Some comparisons are made with modern data.

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49708536606

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe fraction of short‐wave radiation reflected from agricultural crops was measured from May till September 1958 using two portable solarimetric thermopiles. Maximum reflection coefficients for grass, lucerne, potatoes, sugar beet, and spring wheat were between 0·25 and 0·27. Lower values found in the early stages of crop development, and for spring wheat even at maturity, can be correlated with low leaf areas and mutual shading of the leaves, also reduced reflection. Data by Billings and Morris (1951) have been used to compute total reflection coefficients for different types of vegetation including two desert species and to explain why these do not normally differ as much as the coefficients for the visible compon

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49708536607

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo months of European ozone data are analysed in relation to 24‐hr trajectories determined from 100 mb contour charts. Significant correlations are obtained between vertical movements at 100 mb and non‐advective and local changes of ozone, 100 mb temperature and 100 mb vorticity. These confirm the importance of horizontal convergence as a dynamic effect in the lower stratosphere.Further correlations are presented between these changes and the accompanying N‐S displacements in an attempt to relate short‐period phenomena and the observed global distribution of ozone. The results do not conform to the simple models of the atmosphere consider

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49708536608

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe attenuation of infra‐red radiation by scattering on atmospheric haze particles, in the form of water droplets, is discussed in some detail. The spectrum is divided into two regions, the near infra‐red to λ 2·25 μ, where the refractive index of water may be assumed constant and real, and the region 2·25 to 12μ, where the index is complex and varies with the wavelength. This paper is concerned with the first region. It is shown that certain haze models, involving a continuous drop‐size distribution and previously used in explaining the attenuation of visible wavelengths and the aureole around the sun, adequately explain the window transmission measured by Gebbie and co‐authors (1951) along a horizontal path. The observed optical thickness of the whole atmosphere with respect to near infra‐red sunlight is also explained by means of these models.The infra‐red attenuation spectrum appears as a logical extension of the visible one and represents the continuous background upon which gas line and wing absorptions must be superposed. The magnitude of the latter can thus be assessed with

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49708536609

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe two‐parameter models used in numerical prediction of the contour height field usually assume a constant value of the hydrostatic stability, about −0·04°C mb−1. The effect of varying this value over the field is investigated and it is shown that as the stability approaches zero the computed tendencies and the vertical velocities are in

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49708536610

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe problem of estimating shearing stress from the wind profile in the lowest layers is discussed from the operational viewpoint. It is concluded that wind‐profile data alone may never in practice be sufficient, even though a universal profile with the stress as a separable parameter may be established by future research. On the other hand the determination of both stress and heat flux, with adequate accuracy, may be possible from single values of temperature gradient and wind gradient observed simultaneously. A difficulty common to all indirect methods lies in interpreting the sampling variation

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49708536611

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1959

数据来源: WILEY