ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49707733402

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1951

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49707733403

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1951

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe major airflows between the surface and 10,000 ft are studied for the area between Japan and the equator and longitudes 100°E. to 150°E., and a description is given of upper‐level influences which have not been apparent hitherto since only surface analyses were prepared before World War II. Convergence zones between airflows near the equator take the place of the fronts of high latitudes.The traditional theory of the intertropical front of summer is inapplicable to the region and a new concept, developed from observations, is described of an impermanent intertropical convergence zone formed by the occurrence of localized clockwise eddies in equatorial regions which bring southern hemisphere air across the equator and into contact with that to the north. If considered in relation to the West Pacific the traditional intertropical front of India is shown to be in reality part of the West Pacific polar fr

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49707733404

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1951

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFirst, the structure of the trade in the Pacific Ocean north‐east of the Hawaiian Islands is shown with the use of vertical cross‐sections, which extend to 3 km and include the fields of temperature, moisture, and motion. It is shown that the trade‐wind inversion cannot be a discontinuity that separates an upper dry and lower moist layer. Downward transfer of mass through the inversion takes place.Next, the balance of heat and moisture is calculated. Although the use of several assumptions and approximate procedures is involved, a rather satisfactory result is obtained. In accordance with previous studies, the net heat export appears to be in the form of latent heat.The concluding section first offers a hypothesis concerning the destruction of the trade inversion. This is followed by a calculation of the momentum balance and a discussion of the mechanisms that distribute moisture and momentum in the ver

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49707733405

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1951

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn account is given of measurements of the current flowing to earth through a point set up at a height of 12 m, together with the electric field near the ground. Point‐discharge current of either sign may be represented approximately as increasing with the square of the field, as found by Whipple and Scrase. In the light of recent work on corona discharges between a point and a plane in air at atmospheric pressure it is suggested that for high fields the point‐discharge current will vary directly as the field. Irregularities in the curves relating averages of discharge current and field are attributed to space charge arising from local point discharge at or near the raised apparatus used for measuring the field. An advancement of field changes ahead of the corresponding point‐current changes is considered to be an example of the reversal, by space charges, of the sign of field between the level of a raised point and the ground, described by

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49707733406

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1951

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe mathematical consequences of a first‐order temperature discontinuity at a front are developed for the fields of pressure, temperature, and geostrophic wind. These results are applied to determine the correct construction of synoptic charts in the vicinity of fronts, and to determine criteria for obtaining the boundary levels of frontal surfaces, as well as their orientations and slopes. Techniques for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of vertical motions at fronts are also presented. These concepts, and analytical methods based on them, are illustrated by reference to the synoptic situation over North America on 4 April 1950. Particular attention is paid to the structure of occluded frontal waves, their three‐dimensional analysis and representat

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49707733407

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1951

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInformation on eddy diffusion in the atmosphere at heights between one and two kilometres has been obtained from an analysis of observations made on pairs of smoke puffs by using a camera obscura.The results are compared with a prediction of the Kolmogoroff similarity hypotheses.

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49707733408

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1951

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractApparent minimal cloud‐transmission percentages for Bircham Newton are plotted against vertical distribution of clouds observed by aircraft, and cloud amount. With under 20 per cent transmission great cloud thickness is possible, but with over 30 per cent no great thickness of low cloud occurs. Percentage frequencies of minimal cloud transmission are given for a yea

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49707733409

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1951

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA method is described for calculating the surface temperature of a slender cylinder which is moved through a supercooled cloud and becomes covered with rime ice. When the surface temperature reaches 0°C the ice formation proceeds at the maximum possible rate; the associated liquid‐water content of the cloud is calculated and found to be usually less than the maximum theoretical value inside a deep cumulus cloud. The rotating‐cylinder technique of determining water content and drop‐size distribution cannot therefore be used without consideration of the heat economy, and may otherwise lead to large underestimates of water concentration in severe icing cond

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49707733410

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1951

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA method is described for the approximate evaluation of expressions of the form V. Δ § in which V denotes a geostrophic wind vector, and § a geostrophic vorticity. The method is suitable for application to synoptic char

ISSN:0035-9009    

DOI:10.1002/qj.49707733411

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1951

数据来源: WILEY