ISSN:0735-3936    

DOI:10.1002/bsl.2370050302

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFor more than a century psychiatrists have suspected neuropathology in patients with mental illness. In the last decade there have been developed several technologies that are capable of looking at both neuroanatomy and neurophysiology in the brains of living humans. First, x‐ray computerized axial tomography led the way in visualizing the living brain, and now magnetic resonance imaging allows brain structure to be shown with even more clarity. Brain electrical activity mapping allows computerized maps of electrophysiological activity to be visualized in a way never before possible. Nuclear medicine has provided the means of looking at various metabolic and neurochemical parameters in the living brain. These include regional cerebral blood flow studies using xenon133, single photon emission tomography, and positron emission tomography. Psychiatrists are cautiously optimistic that these various brain imaging technologies will be important new tools in continued exploration of the causes of mental illness and ultimately may lead to more effective treatment

ISSN:0735-3936    

DOI:10.1002/bsl.2370050303

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractModern imaging techniques have greatly aided our ability to diagnose the effects of craniocerebral trauma. Computed tomography (CT), introduced in 1973, revolutionized the evaluation of changes related to trauma, allowing accurate diagnosis of intracerebral and extracerebral areas of blood accumulation. It became readily apparent that in most cases CT was the only exam necessary prior to surgical treatment. CT also accurately evaluates facial bone trauma. Magnetic resonance (MR), widely introduced in 1983, has also aided in diagnosis and is most accurate in cases of subacute and chronic injury, particularly cases involving shearing injuries. Skull films continue to be useful for linear skull fractures.

ISSN:0735-3936    

DOI:10.1002/bsl.2370050304

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOrganic brain syndromes are of forensic interest for several reasons. First, patients with organic brain syndromes may require judicial determination of competence in any of a number of areas, e.g., testamentary capacity, need for financial guardianship, or competence to make medical decisions. Second, any patient whose mental state is of legal interest will need evaluation for contributing organic factors; uncovering these factors may have considerable medical and legal consequence. Third, the discovery of organic factors may be decisive in the outcome of a judicial proceeding, where “hard” biological data are often accorded more weight, and are thus more persuasive, than “soft” psychological data. This article provides an introductory overview of the organic brain syndromes. For each syndrome, the clinical features are described and are illustrated with a case vignette, the more common etiologies are presented, and selected aspects to the evaluation are highlighted. In addition, since the detectian of malingered mental illness is a key component in many forensic contexts, characteristics are described which help to distinguish actual from malingered mental

ISSN:0735-3936    

DOI:10.1002/bsl.2370050305

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe authors review the literature on the relationship between menstruation and crime, focusing upon the methodological limitations of these studies in the broader context of criminological and menstruation research. Based on this review, they conclude: the present state of scientific knowledge is such that it is unknown whether there is an association between any phases of the menstrual cycle and crime; there is no evidence linking fluctuations in reproductive hormones to criminal behavior; and, this lack of scientific knowledge is so glaring that evidence regarding menstruation and crime should not be admissible in criminal trials.

ISSN:0735-3936    

DOI:10.1002/bsl.2370050306

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe present article reviews amnesia for criminal offenses. It discusses the organic disorders most likely to be implicated, and the nature and differentiation of psychogenic amnesia. With the exception of alcohol and drug intoxication, organic dysfunction is a rare (though important) cause of amnesia for crime. Likewise, fugue states may occasionally be triggered by an offence, but are a very rare cause of the amnesia claimed by offenders. Amnesia is most commonly seen in homicide cases, in which it is claimed by 25% to 45% of offenders, but it occurs also in other types of violent crime, and occasionally in nonviolent crime. It arises in states of extreme emotional arousal, in alcoholic intoxication, and in states of florid psychosis; and it is also associated with depressed mood. Various methods have been advocated for the differentiation of genuine amnesia from deliberate simulation: this distinction can be difficult, but it is noticeable that many amnesic subjects either have reported the crime themselves or have made no attempt to conceal it. The nature of the deficit in this type of amnesia, and its implications for assessment, are also discussed.

ISSN:0735-3936    

DOI:10.1002/bsl.2370050307

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractScientific study of sleep has shown that sleepwalking and night terrors occur in stage 4 sleep. Both run in families, and are precipitated by various specific trigger factors. Behavior can be complex and purposeful and frequently may lead the sleeper into danger. Murder and assault while asleep do rarely occur, and the aggressive acts can appear purposeful, directed, and coordinated. Sleepwalking in the United Kingdom is considered a sane automatism and a successful plea of not guilty leads to an acquittal. Therefore, sleepwalking should only be accepted as a defense by forensic psychiatrists after establishing beyond reasonable doubt that the characteristics of a sleepwalking episode are present. The law on automatism in England is muddled and requires revision.

ISSN:0735-3936    

DOI:10.1002/bsl.2370050308

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractProponents of behavior therapies advocate expanded use of this approach based on its pragmatics and clinical successes. Critics, however, point not only to abuses in implementation, but charge that the behavioral approach is inherently unethical, especially when used with institutionalized mental patients. This article will review these arguments as well as provide an updated exploration of relevant court decisions impacting behavioral treatment in mental institutions. Suggested courses of action are then provided.

ISSN:0735-3936    

DOI:10.1002/bsl.2370050309

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to compare defendants for whom the competency to stand trial (CTST) motion had been raised with those for whom it had not. Twenty attorneys (10 private, 10 public) rated six clients each on a questionnaire of demographic characteristics, behavioral descriptors, and attorney's certainty of incompetency for the clients who had the motion raised. Type of offense and educational level discriminated between the defendant groups, as did 8 of the 11 behavioral descriptor subscales. Speech disorganization was the only subscale that correlated with attorney certainty of client incompetency. The majority of the attorneys were found to be familiar with the Dusky criteria. Results are discussed in light of future studies and caution with respect to data from studies of only defendants referred for CTST evaluations.

ISSN:0735-3936    

DOI:10.1002/bsl.2370050310

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0735-3936    

DOI:10.1002/bsl.2370050301

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY