ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239600186091

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractProponents of cannabis law reform argue that many people who are convicted for minor cannabis offences have no prior criminal conviction and are otherwise law‐abiding citizens. This study of criminal justice system data in a strict prohibition jurisdiction (Western Australia) found that over 10% of all charges and 85% of all drug charges were for cannabis. Approximately 90% of these were for minor offences. Over 40% of those charged with cannabis possession/use as their most serious offence had never been arrested for any prior offence. Almost half of those first arrested for cannabis possession/use had not been arrested up to 10 years later. Younger first‐time arrested cannabis users were more likely to be re‐arrested than older offenders. Almost all adult cannabis offenders who went to court were convicted and fined. Nearly 95% of those imprisoned for possession/use of cannabis were gaoled for fine default. The findings accord with earlier research showing that the vast majority of these offenders are, in all respects apart from their cannabis use, a non‐criminal section of the co

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239600186101

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractReports have consistently shown that non‐specialist drug workers (whose working role is not specifically concentrated on dealing with drug‐related issues) are reluctant to work with drug users. A number of explanations have been offered to account for this unwillingness including attitudinal factors, occupational constraints and a lack of motivation to learn about drug‐related issues. Previously, it has been shown that training affects commitment to working with substance misusers, although failure to attract particular professional groups (e.g. general practitioners) into training courses has also been reported. No previous research has examined the views of trainers about training primary health care and health‐related workers. This study of a (non‐probability) sample of UK drug trainers (n= 145) assessed training activity for different health care workers, and trainers' differential perceptions of training needs and methods. GPs were the group least likely to become trained about drug issues. Training in attitudes towards drug using individuals was perceived to be more important than either skills or knowledge training for GPs, practice nurses, other nurses and probation officers. Experiential training methods were perceived to be more important than a didactic approach for training all health groups except GPs for whom lecture type instruction was believed to be equally appropriate. Seventy‐nine percent of subjects reported providing training across drugs and alcohol or drugs, alcohol and tobacco. Most trainers who stated that certain professions required independent training believed that GPs should be trained separately from o

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239600186111

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt is the aim of this paper to provide an overview of developments in implicit and explicit economic views of addiction, to contrast these perceptions with the views of other disciplines and discuss the implications for policy. Addictive behaviours have received considerable attention from disciplines other than economics. The nature of addiction and the contribution of psychological, physiological and social factors have been strongly debated within the addictions field for many years. The views of economists are becoming increasingly important because economic studies of consumption, and tax revenue in the case of licit drugs, are one factor when framing policy. It is therefore crucial to know how economists have treated addiction. Have they neglected it and what are the implications if they have? This paper attempts to answer this question by reviewing and discussing the literature in depth and drawing out the implications for policy.

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239600186121

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe NSW Driver Assessment Programme operated in Sydney from 1991‐94 as a pilot scheme for the medical assessment of drink driver offenders. In this report we describe its functioning and characterize its 2267 participants. Offenders who had been convicted of driving with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.15 g/dL or more, or of refusing a breath test were referred to one of five Driver Assessment Clinics in Sydney. Medical assessment was mandatory before the driver's licence could be renewed. Of the 2267 offenders referred to the Programme, 922 (41%) attended an assessment during the operation of the scheme, with non‐attenders having longer disqualification periods than attenders. Among attenders, 691 (75%) were judged fit to drive (i.e. “passed”). There was no significant variation in pass rate between centres. Of the 112 offenders who had laboratory results available from both first and second assessments, 68 (61%) showed a significant reduction in gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels. We conclude that there was evidence of health benefit from the Programme in the fall in GGT levels in 61% repeat attenders. To assess the effects of the scheme on road safety would require prospective data collection on recidivism, road traffic accidents and, if possible, on self‐reported drink‐drivin

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239600186131

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn a telephone survey of 455 of the top 600 companies in Australia, around three‐quarters reported the existence of restrictions on both smoking and alcohol in the workplace. Forty‐six percent of companies had a total ban on smoking at work, 31% had designated limited areas where employees were permitted to smoke, and 23% had no policy on smoking. Seventy‐seven percent of companies encouraged a total alcohol‐free work environment. The larger the company, the more likely it was to have restrictions on smoking in the work‐place, but there was no relationship between the size of the company and alcohol restrictions. Government organizations were more likely to have restrictions on smoking than nongovernment organizations, but this difference was not apparent for alcohol restrictions. The major reasons given for smoking restrictions were related to health and comfort, while those for alcohol were related to work productivity a

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239600186141

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article presents findings from a survey of programmes available for tobacco and alcohol users working in 455 of Australia's top 600 companies. Companies were twice as likely to have programmes for smokers (43%) as for problem drinkers (24%) and these programmes were more apparent in large companies. The majority of programmes for smoking were delivered within a health promotion context which included other life‐style issues, such as nutrition, exercise, weight management and stress management. Although Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) were the most commonly available type of work‐place programme for excessive drinkers and other drug users, followed by Alcoholics Anonymous and local hospital clinics, only 6% had an EAP for alcohol. Only 21% of programmes for smokers and 12% for excessive alcohol users were evaluated. Around one‐quarter of companies knew the costs of smoking programmes, and 9% reported costs of conducting programmes for excessive alcohol cons

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239600186151

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA harm reduction approach to alcohol and substance abuse is becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to prohibitionist and abstentionist policies. It is seen as particularly valuable for some high‐risk populations, such as injection drug users and street youth. A strong argument can be made that Aboriginal communities in Ontario, Canada, and probably across the country, are appropriate environments for a harm reduction approach. Aboriginal people are at extremely elevated risk for accident, illness and death. At the same time, alcohol use is a predominant factor in many of these outcomes, and elevates many of the risks associated with Aboriginal life. Isolated, remote reserve communities in northern Ontario present additional risks of extremely poor living conditions and extreme weather conditions. Prohibition and abstinence are currently the main approaches to alcohol and substance abuse in many of these communities, while the role of alcohol in morbidity, mortality and other social problems remains high. There are positive indications that the feasibility of harm reduction strategies could be broached in some communities. It is concluded that the obstacles are significant but a community‐by‐community approach is a strong feature of harm reduction, and may increase its prospects for piloting strategies in individual commun

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239600186161

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239600186171

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239600186181

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY