ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185551

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSyringe‐exchange attenders (n= 86) and a comparison group of injectors not attending exchanges (n= 121) were recruited and interviewed in 1989 to examine HIV risk behaviour and HIV antibody status. In 1990, 59% of attenders and 50% of non‐attenders were re‐contacted and re‐interviewed to examine changes over time. Re‐interviewed subjects did not differ demographically or in drug use from those not re‐interviewed. At first interview, all were injecting, and 35% of attenders and 42% of non‐attenders reported recent syringe‐sharing. One year later, levels of HIV‐risk were similar for both groups, but risk reduction had been achieved by different routes. At Time 2, 16% of attenders were injecting and sharing (IS), 70% injecting and not sharing (INS), and 14% not injecting (NI), compared to non‐attenders, 22% IS, 47% INS and 31% NI. Attenders were more likely to continue injecting (86%) with low sharing (18% of those still injecting). Non‐attenders were less likely to continue injecting (69%), but continuing injectors had higher sharing rates (32% of those still injecting). More non‐attenders than attenders stopped injecting, but non‐attenders who continued to inject were at a higher risk of HIV infection than attenders who continued to inject. Baseline HIV prevalence was 2.5% and there were no sero conversions. The levels of sharing for both groups were lower than levels in the UK before HIV prevention programmes commenced and are lower than 1990 sharing rates in the USA. The study indicates the importance of tracking individual change over time, and of measuring outcomes additio

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185561

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere is widespread acknowledgment for a connection between alcohol consumption and crime, but the extent of the connection and its implications continue to promote debate. Previous research has concentrated on assessment of alcohol involvement of offenders following arrest. Not all incidents coming to the notice of police result in an arrest. Arrest‐centred alcohol involvement research is limited as arrest is not the most common outcome of police attendance.This study utilized an incident survey card to allow operational police officers to record their assessment of alcohol involvement for all incidents, not just arrests. Police were given clear guidelines to assist in their assessment of alcohol involvement. The survey was conducted over a 4‐week period in six metropolitan Sydney Police Patrols. Levels of alcohol involvement were very high, with 77% of street offence incidents (assault, offensive behaviour and offensive language) found to be alcohol‐related. Also identified was the high proportion of offences occurring in or near licensed premises. Sixty per cent of all alcohol‐related street offences were included in this category. Other offences which also received a high alcohol involvement assessment were malicious damage (58%), domestic violence (40%) and noise complaints (59%). Drink driving offences were, by definition, 100% alcohol

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185571

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe strength of the effect of prices on alcohol consumption is of relevance in determining the potential impact that alcohol taxes have on consumption and, thereby, alcohol‐related problems. This price‐consumption relationship was investigated for New Zealand. Multiple regression analysis was employed using quarterly aggregate consumption and price data for 1983–1991. Price elasticities of alcohol consumption were estimated to be ‐1.1, ‐1.1, 0, ‐2.0 for beer, wine and spirits beverage, and absolute (total) alcohol consumption, respectively. These elasticity estimates and the degree to which prices explained consumption trends in the regression equations, suggest that price had a strong effect on alcohol consumption in New Zealand during the period investigated. Thus, the current taxing policy, in which excise tax is indexed to inflation, is deemed a useful tool for preventing an increase in alcohol consumption and alcohol‐rel

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185581

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo complement existing institution‐based drug use surveys, a street intercept survey of 581 young illicit drug users was conducted in Sydney, Australia. Patterns of use, reasons for use and awareness of the health risks associated with use were investigated. The most commonly used illicit drug type, after marijuana, was amphetamines. The least popular illicit drug was heroin. Most of the sample used occasionally, exhibiting a controlled pattern of use with a low prevalence of problems associated with use. Heroin users, in contrast, were often frequent users and reported a higher prevalence of associated problems. The majority of the sample reported excessive drinking patterns, indicating that the current policy of emphasis on alcohol misuse rather than illicit drug use amongst youth is appropriat

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185591

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractForm V of Zuckerman's Senation‐Seeking Scale (SSS) was completed by a sample of psychology undergraduate students along with a questionnaire relating to their regular consumption of caffeinated and alcoholic beverages, and use of cigarettes. While there were no gender differences in the use of caffeine and cigarettes, men reported consuming nearly twice as much alcohol per week as women. Use of alcohol (but not caffeine or cigarettes) was positively related to sensation seeking in the form of thrill and adventure seeking, and boredom susceptibility for men, and disinhibition for both genders. Women generally achieved lower SSS scores than men. For both genders, caffeine use was positively related to cigarette, but not alcohol use. There were no relationships between the use of cigarettes and alcoho

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185601

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA review was carried out of Australian studies which have measured the prevalence of HIV infection among injecting drug users (IDUs). The review considered published studies which had reported on serologically‐determined HIV prevalence. There were five studies reported from specialized sexually‐transmissible disease of HIV clinics, five studies reported from health services aimed at IDUs, three studies reported from other health services and one multi‐centre behavioural study. The main findings from the studies were that HIV prevalence in IDUs has been low in Australia, apart from in male IDUs who also had homosexual contact. HIV prevalence ranged from 20 to 24% in male IDUs reporting homosexual contact and from 0 to 5% in other IDUs.The studies, while reflecting a range of research methodologies, are subject to a number of limitations. Most of the studies did not provide detailed analyses of HIV prevalence by age and sex or behavioural factors, and several studies used sampling frames which were not clearly defined. There is little available information on temporal trends in seroprevalence and geographical comparisons are rendered difficult by differences in the study methodology. Adoption of standardized, continuing seroprevalence surveys on IDUs would provide a better means of monitoring the occurrence of HIV infection in this group, which has been a key determinant of the course of the HIV epidemic in a number of Western coun

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185611

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA comprehensive literature review on the subject of drug and alcohol treatments in correctional services reveals the size of the drug and alcohol problem within the prison population and reconfirms the positive correlation between drugs, alcohol and criminal activity. Disturbingly few comprehensive ongoing assessment and treatment services are available for the prison population. Special drug and alcohol‐related issues such as HIV and hepatitis B infection, and high drug‐related postrelease prisoner mortality rates demand an urgent review of the policies and procedures concerning the assessment and treatment of drug and alcohol problems in correctional facilit

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185621

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper uses the New South Wales experience with methadone maintenance treatment in prison to address the question: should methadone maintenance treatment be provided in Australian prisons for opioid‐dependent prisoners? First, it outlines three rationales for providing drug dependence treatment in prisons: as a way of giving prisoners access to community‐based forms of drug treatment in the prison setting; as a measure to reduce recidivism in opioid‐dependent prisoners; and as a measure to prevent the transmission of HIV and other infectious diseases within prisons, and to the sexual partners of prisoners on their release. Secondly, it reviews the kind of research evidence that supports the effectiveness of community‐based methadone maintenance treatment in Australia. Thirdly, the effectiveness of the New South Wales Prison Methadone Programme, one of the few prison‐based methadone programmes in the world, is evaluated in the light of the available research

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185631

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe range of tobacco control activities should be viewed as essential parts of a complex multi‐component puzzle. Intervention strategies designed to address tobacco control should be comprehensive and include both primary and secondary prevention activities and be multi‐faceted and capable of bringing about change at both the individual and broader social and cultural levels. In this paper I argue for a mutually inclusive framework in which the various components contribute in important and different ways. I examine the prevalence of smoking and identify the high risk groups, then I examine the range of available strategies and present the evidence for their success. I discuss the primary prevention approaches such as warning labels, taxes, price increases, workplace bans, education in schools, mass media and self‐help materials, as well as brief interventions and treatment strategies which are conducted at the worksite, general practice and specialized cessation clinics. The areas for future research are delineated for increased resource allocation and include: the best ways to disseminate brief interventions to smokers, methods to motivate smokers; training of health professionals to deliver brief interventions; enhancing quitting and access to existing treatment resources among specific disadvantaged minority groups, e.g. migrants, unemployed youth, the effect on smoking prevalence of warning labels on cigarette packets and price rises on cigar

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185641

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY