ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239400185321

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare drivers' subjective estimates of their blood alcohol concentration (BAC) with their measured BAC. As part of a night‐time survey of drinking and driving in the Adelaide metropolitan area, 13 951 drivers were approached at intersections between 10 p.m. and 3 a.m. and asked to provide a breath alcohol sample. In addition, drivers were given a reply‐paid mail questionnaire which sought their own estimate of their BAC. The 5765 replies were compared with the measured BACs. It was found that drivers with low measured BACs tended to over‐estimate their BAC while drivers with high BACs tended to under‐estimate; the error in the estimates increased as measured BAC increased. These errors were similar for males and females and did not vary with age group. These results emphasize the need for the wider adoption of reliable means by which people can assess their own BAC more accurately. [Kloeden CN, Moore VM, Mclean AJ. Estimated and measured blood alcohol levels in the night‐time driving population.Drug Alcohol Rev1994;13

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239400185331

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study reports on an intervention programme to promote responsible drinking in hotels. The licensees of eight hotels agreed to participate in a trial of measures designed to assist patrons to avoid drink‐driving, and seven other hotels were used as controls. The interventions acceptable to licensees comprised commercial‐quality promotional material with the theme “0.05 Know Your Limits”, and a breath analysis machine and poster on its use. Patrons leaving the hotels on Thursday, Friday and Saturday nights were interviewed and breath‐tested. Although the intervention material had been seen by one‐third of patrons in the intervention hotels, there was no significant difference between them and control hotel patrons in either median BAC or the proportion who were going to drive with BAC over the legal limit. There was poor compliance by hotels with the intervention procedures, indicating that a major impediment to the implementation and evaluation of programmes to promote responsible drinking is a lack of motivation by many licensees, despite support by some licensees and the Australian Hotels Association. [McLean, S, Wood L, Montgomery I, Davidson J, Jones M. Promotion of responsible drinking in hotels.Drug Alcohol Rev1994;

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239400185341

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe criteria for alcohol dependence in both the ICD‐10 and DSM‐III‐R nosologies were measured in a national general population survey, using 24 stem items and follow‐ups. For current (12‐month) dependence (at the criterion of 3 + components), the rate was 3.2% according to DSM‐III‐R criteria, and 5.4% according to ICD‐10. The Kappa coefficient of agreement between the two systems for classification of individuals as currently dependent was 0.62, and for lifetime diagnosis the Kappa coefficient was 0.68. Prevalence for the individual components of each diagnosis and for the underlying items are given, and the contribution of each component to the overall dependence score is examined. Implications of the results for future epidemiological work with the two classifications are discussed. [Caetano R, Room R. Alcohol dependence in the 1990 US National Alcohol Survey: operationalizing and comparing two nosological systems.Drug Alcohol Rev1

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239400185351

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt is increasingly recognized that factors such as professionals' empathy, willingness to intervene, self‐efficacy and role legitimacy influence the initial engagement of clients into treatment and the nature of any subsequent therapeutic relationship. These factors are difficult to measure using questionnaires, and for this reason qualitative research techniques are frequently used in this field of inquiry. The present methodological study is based on in‐depth interviews conducted with 16 medical practitioners and 12 social workers, and attempts to overcome one of the main limitations associated with qualitative data—that is, the difficulty of reducing such complex material to a numerical value suitable for quantitative analysis. The interview technique and rating system described were most successful in achieving this in the case of self‐efficacy and least successful in the case of empathy. Possible reasons for this are discussed. It is concluded that the technique described has the potential to elicit detailed data concerning the interactions of medical practitioners and social workers with problem drinkers, and that this material can be reliably rated in a manner that is not unduly time‐consuming and burdensome to researchers. [Gorman DM, Jacobs LM, McAlpine D. Measuring factors that influence the response of medical practitioners and social workers to problem drinkers: a pilot study.Drug Alcohol Rev1994;13

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239400185361

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe relationship between route of administration and the adverse effects of amphetamine use (dependence symptoms, treatment‐seeking, adverse psychological symptoms and violence) were examined among 231 Australian amphetamine users, half of whom usually injected amphetamine. Although 87% of users were recruited from non‐treatment sources, a third had experienced symptoms of dependence on amphetamine, and a third had experienced an amphetamine‐related health problem for which one in four had sought medical attention. There was also a high prevalence of psychological symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations and violence which were related to frequency of amphetamine use, and use by injection. Amphetamine users need to be better informed about the potential adverse effects of amphetamine use, and about ways in which they can reduce their risks of experiencing these harms by avoiding injecting use, and the regular use of high doses of amphetamines. [Hall W, Hando J. Route of administration and adverse effects of amphetamine use among young adults in Sydney, Australia,Drug Alcohol Rev1994;13:277

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239400185371

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStudies of the processes by which people give up dependent heroin use are useful in helping services evaluate their treatment practices and in informing drug policy debates. In this exploratory investigation, a diverse group of 18 Canberra‐based ex‐users was interviewed about stopping, the role of treatment and their views on a proposal to make heroin available in a controlled manner as a new treatment option. Factors involved in stopping dependent heroin use included ‘hitting rock bottom’ or a less intense crisis such as the death by overdose of someone close, falling in love, wanting to be a good parent, geographical relocation, wanting to avoid becoming caught up with the police or going to jail, maturing out or becoming sick of the lifestyle, finding a new purpose in life or developing a new lifestyle, dealing with past hurts and the support of family, friends, other ex‐users and professionals. Many respondents had been in methadone treatments and in therapeutic communities and their advantages and disadvantages in stopping use are discussed. The respondents were evenly divided in their support for the controlled availability of heroin and the potential benefits and problems of such treatment are also discussed. [Bammer G, Weekes S. Becoming an ex‐user: insights into the process and implications for treatment and policy.Drug Alcohol Rev1994;

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239400185381

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study investigates the extent to which heroin users are exposed to multiple forms of infection risk. Structured interviews were administered to a prospective network sample of 408 heroin users. Subjects were contacted in south London in a wide range of social settings by specially recruited privileged access interviewers. Most heroin users (74.5%) had been exposed to more than one infection risk factor and more than half of the sample had been exposed to three or more risk factors. HIV serostatus was primarily related to men having sex with men. Hepatitis B seropositive status was primarily related to the number of years injecting drugs. At this stage of the HIV epidemic in London, HIV infection among heroin users may be related more to homosexual risk behaviour than drug risk factors. Heroin injectors were at greater risk of infection than heroin chasers both through their sexual behaviour as well as through their injecting practices. Heroin users who refused to give a saliva sample for analysis were found to be more likely to engage in several health risk behaviours than those who provided samples. This finding has important methodological implications for seroprevalence surveys. Other implications of the results for prevention programmes aimed at health risk behaviours of heroin users are also discussed. [Gossop M, Powis B, Griffiths P, Strang J. Multiple risks for HIV and hepatitis B infection among heroin users.Drug Alcohol Rev1994;13:293–300

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239400185391

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe study compared the demographic profiles, treatment factors, current drug use, injecting behaviour and psychological functioning of inner city (ICS) and south‐west Sydney (SWS) methadone patients. A total of 104 patients from two clinics in the inner city, and 118 patients from two clinics in the outer south‐western suburbs of Sydney were interviewed using a structured interview. SWS patients were more likely to be married orde facto, to have a regular sexual partner who was an injecting drug user, and to have children in their care. While they were no more likely to have recently injected, SWS patients were twice as likely to have recently shared a needle. While SWS patients were more likely to have had sex in the month preceding interview, ICS patients were more likely to have had more than one partner in that period. Patients from the south‐western clinics were twice as likely to receive a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder, and had poorer social functioning. The clinical implications of these differences are discussed. [Darke S, Hall W, Swift W. Geographical differences in risk‐taking among Sydney methadone maintenance patients: a comparison of inner city and outer south western methadone maintenance patients.Drug Alcohol Rev1994;13:3

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239400185401

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSome recent scientific advances in the study of the cannabinoids are outlined. The mode of action of marihuana and the cannabinoids has now been described. They belong to a new class of drug that acts on a hitherto undescribed neuro‐physiological system. An endogenous neurotransmitter or neuromodulator for this system has been isolated, identified and named “anandamide”. These findings throw new light and imbue new confidence for the future of the therapeutic application of compounds derived from and related to the cannabinoids and anandamide. An outline is also provided of the current knowledge and future potential of cannabinoids in therapeutics. The effect of the current legal classification of the cannabinoids on the research and development of these compounds is discussed. [Chesher GB, Christie MJ, Morgan JP. Science signals a new understanding of marihuana.Drug Alcohol Review1994;13:307

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239400185411

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY