摘要:

AbstractSupport for a number of strategies and policies for the prevention of alcohol related harm was ascertained as part of a larger survey of public attitudes and behaviours in a representative sample of the Perth metropolitan area. Support for these policies varied, but was generally positive, with young male drinkers the least supportive. The greatest degree of support was found for a variety of training strategies for licensees and barstaff, while a number of restrictive practices, such as reduced trading hours and the banning of the sale of beer in jugs, were less popular. Those who had recently worked in the alcohol trade were less likely than the general population to be supportive of these policies. This effect could not be completely explained by their generally being younger and drinkers. It is concluded that governments generally have a mandate to introduce certain policies and practices into the licensed drinking environment, but that the resistance of the alcohol trade to such measures may need to be overcome if they are to be successfully introduced.

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185281

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study examines the links between random breath testing (RBT), driver perception of the likelihood of apprehension if illegally drink‐driving, and drink‐driving behaviour in Adelaide, South Australia. It is based on information gained from surveys of night‐time drivers in metropolitan Adelaide, during 1987, 1989 and 1991. Overall, about 25% of the sample in each year thought that illegal drink‐driving was likely to result in apprehension. This perception was consistently lower for males and for those aged less than 30 years than for their counterparts, however, there was evidence that it increased with exposure to RBT, notably when that exposure was recent. Also, compared with other drivers, fewer drivers who thought that apprehension was likely had an illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when surveyed, or reported that they would be likely to drive if they thought that they had an illegal BAC. However, the majority of drivers who thought that detection was unlikely also reported that they would be unlikely to drink‐drive. These results suggest the need for some re‐direction of current RBT

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185291

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInterviews were conducted with 101 heroin dependent persons entering a residential drug‐free detoxification unit in 1989. These self‐report data were compared with those previously collected in 1985‐6 from 457 methadone maintenance patients. The detoxification patients injected less frequently, used less heroin, had been physically dependent for a shorter period and were more likely to be single, unemployed and to have been charged with a criminal offence in the last 12 months. It is suggested that these findings may indicate that addicts who use more heroin are less likely to seek drug‐free detoxification. The wider implication of the finding is that future surveys of injecting drug users should assume that there are significant differences between heroin users entering different modalities of tr

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185301

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA 40 month follow‐up of 84 women admitted to a study of the outpatient management of pregnant heroin users is reported. Fifty‐eight of the patients were on methadone at the time of their delivery while a further 26 remained on heroin at delivery. The whereabouts of 61 patients were identified at the time of follow‐up but only 46 consented to interview. Twenty‐three could not be traced even utilising the services of the Departments of Corrective Services and Community Services. The general health of mothers and babies was reported as good to excellent and only one child was in the care of the State. Many patients on methadone at delivery had exited the programme whereas those on heroin at delivery were likely to be on methadone programmes at follow‐up. A majority of all patients had had no new legal charges laid in the 12 months preceding the interview and if any charges had been laid they were likely to be traffic offences. Drug use, on the other hand, continued to be a problem even in those on methadone programmes. Up to 75% of patients in one group reported intermittent use of heroin and other drugs and these self reports were confirmed by urine testing. The data suggest that methadone does lead to a reduction in criminal activity and in daily drug usage but it does not completely abolish drug seeking behaviour. Overall, the results suggest that the use of methadone is safe for mother and baby and it has positive benefit in the management of pregnant d

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185311

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFifteen socio‐demographic variables were examined as potential correlates of alcohol, tobacco, inhalant, marijuana and other illicit drug use among students in Years 7 to 11. The variables which most consistently discriminated users and non‐users related to truancy, adult supervision of leisure, self‐esteem, income and the quality of the mother‐child relationship. Age was also a discriminator for all but the illicit group of drugs and revealed an inverse association with inhalant use. Drinking and smoking by various family members or others distinguished the users of alcohol and tobacco too. While further identification of correlates is encouraged, those highlighted should help to target interventions and validate self‐report measures of subs

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185321

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe investigated levels of equipment sharing in injecting drug users in Sydney, Australia, in two consecutive samples recruited in a non‐treatment setting using similar methodology in 1989 (n = 1,245) and 1990 (n = 550). Comparison between the two waves of the study indicated that there were consistent and major reductions in percentage of time used equipment was re‐used, and number of people from whom used equipment had been accepted. There was a corresponding significant and major increase in use of sterile injection equipment, obtained more frequently in the second sample from needle and syringe exchanges. The proportion of respondents reporting they had never shared equipment rose significantly. These data suggest that there is a continuing increase in the adoption of safer injecting practices and utilisation of needle and syringe exchanges over time in response to the threat of HIV transmission in injecting drug us

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185331

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEvidence obtained from adoption and twin studies suggests an important hereditary component in alcoholism. Following our initial observation that the Al allele of the D2dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene was associated with alcoholism, a number of studies, both in the United States and abroad, have attempted to replicate and extend this finding in different Caucasian populations. In eight independent studies containing a total of 444 heterogeneous alcoholics (less severe and severe) and 495 heterogeneous controls (alcoholics excluded or not excluded), the prevalence of the Al allele was 45.5% in the former group compared to 25.7% in the latter group (p<10−7). In 176 severe alcoholics and 176 controls free of alcoholism, the prevalence of the Al allele was 49.4% in the former group compared to 17.0% in the latter group (p<10−8). The severity of alcoholism and the types of controls used are key determinants in Al allelic association with alcoholism. The total evidence at hand suggests that the DRD2 Al allele may represent the most prominent single gene determinant of susceptibility to severe alcoholism. However, the larger role is still played by environmental factors and other ge

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185341

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185351

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe study of alcoholic hangover is reviewed, with particular concern given to its effects upon skills performance. Different models of hangover, and the evidence gathered in their support, are surveyed. Several factors appear to contribute to hangover, and individuals may be differentially susceptible to these influences. The severity of hangover is affected by dose, coproducts of manufacture, and a number of psychological variables. Hangover is differentiated from post‐intoxication effects on performance, and the results of a variety of studies on these effects are considered. Post‐intoxication effects have been found in a variety of tasks, but no tasks have been consistently affected in a number of studies. This may reflect the fact that few studies have used the same tasks to assess performance. Proposed mechanisms of post‐intoxication effects are considered, and the most consistent symptom accompanying impaired performance is found to be fatigue. This notion finds some support in electroencephalographic data collected during the period following intoxic

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185361

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractChronic alcoholism results in thiamine deficiency as a result of poor nutrition and impaired gastrointestinal absorption of the vitamin. Pyrithiamine‐induced thiamine deficiency in the rat reproduces a neurological syndrome and ultimately neuropathological damage of a nature and distribution that is similar to that encountered in Wernicke's encephalopathy in humans. Pyrithiamine‐induced thiamine deficiency results in selective reversible decreases in activity of the thiamine‐dependent enzymeα‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and concomitant reversible changes in brain amino acids. It is proposed that these changes constitute “the biochemical lesion” in thiamine deficiency encephalopathy. If sufficiently severe and prolonged, decreased activities of a‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase may result in compromised brain energy metabolism and in lactate accumulation in brain, both of which could be responsible for neuronal cell death in this condition. In addition, it has been suggested that cell death results from NMDA‐receptor mediated excitotoxic damage. Similar pathophysiologic mechanisms could be responsible for brain cell death in Wernicke's encephal

ISSN:0959-5236    

DOI:10.1080/09595239300185371

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY