摘要:

AbstractThe rejection of xenogeneic grafts in marine worms of the genusLineus(Nemertea) gives evidence for the occurence of immune mechanisms in these invertebrates. First, second‐set response is anamnestic with a three‐month memory component. Second, the accelerated rejection of second‐set grafts occurs anywhere in the body of the recipient, that is to say it is systemic. Third, the anamnestic response is species‐specific since it takes place only when second grafts are from donors of the same species as that of the first set. It is therefore plausible that the reaction to xenogeneic grafts is a cell‐mediated immune mechanism and that the self‐nonself discrimination may be a function of nemertean cells specialized for recognition at the species level and

ISSN:0014-2980    

DOI:10.1002/eji.1830120902

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo analyze immunologic mechanisms involved in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a system for studying the cytotoxic reaction of guinea pig lymphocytes against syngeneic macrophages pulsed with myelin basic protein (BP) was developed. It was found that both EAE‐susceptible strain 13 and EAE‐resistant strain 2 animals developed cytotoxicity directed against whole BP. However, only strain 13 guinea pigs developed such cells in response to immunization with the encephalitogenic nonapeptide determinant of BP. Strain 2 macrophages appeared able to present the nonapeptide determinant to strain 13 lymphocytes. Anti‐BP cytotoxic lymphocytes were found to be recruited by anti‐BP initiator lymp

ISSN:0014-2980    

DOI:10.1002/eji.1830120903

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlloantigen‐bearing (H‐2d+) peripheral red blood cells, but not red cell‐depleted H‐2d+spleen cells, induce primary IgM anti‐H‐2dplaque‐forming cell responses. In this study it is reported that the primary antibody responses to H‐2d‐peripheral red blood cells can be markedly suppressed by a subpopulation of H‐2d‐spleen cells when they are injected simultaneously or a few days before injection of red blood cells. This suppression was antigen (H‐2d)‐specific, did not depend on T cells of either the donor or the recipient, and strictly required live donor cells. An energy‐dependent action of the donor cell cortex and some proliferation of donor cells in the recipient seemed to be involved in the mechanism of suppression. The donor‐suppressor cell type was largely present in the spleen but not in the bone marrow and thymus, and was present in the spleen of athymic nude mice. The suppressor cells displayed the properties of B lymphocytes: they adhered to the nylon wool but not to glass, were of relatively low density (σ<1.09), and were surface Ig+, Ia+, Fc receptor‐positive but Thy‐1−H‐2d+suppressor‐donor B lymphocytes might directly signal to antigen‐specific recipient B cells competing with the signal provided by H‐

ISSN:0014-2980    

DOI:10.1002/eji.1830120904

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCulture supernatants obtained from a radiation leukemia virus‐transformed, hen egg‐white lysozyme (HEL)‐specific, suppressor T cell line are able, when injected into mice, to specifically suppress the anti‐HEL antibody response. Suppression is observed on both primary and secondary anti‐HEL antibody responses evaluated by direct and developed hemolytic plaque assays. Culture supernatants from this HEL‐specific suppressor T cell line do not suppress the antibody response induced by a structurally related lysozyme, demonstrating the presence in the culture supernatant of a suppressor factor endowed with fine antigenic specificity. The suppressor factor is able to selectively suppress the anti‐HEL antibody response induced by the N‐terminal C‐terminal peptide of the HEL molecule indicating that the fine specificity of this factor is restricted to an antigenic epitope present in this region of the HEL molecule. The suppressive activity is restricted by genes located within the H‐2 complex and analysis of the suppression induced in recombinant mice demonstrates that the interaction between HEL‐specific suppressor T cell factor and its cellular target requires identity in the I‐J re

ISSN:0014-2980    

DOI:10.1002/eji.1830120905

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo rat monoclonal antibodies, NIM‐R2 and NIM‐R3, have been produced using the rat myeloma line 210RCY3‐Agl.2.3 and spleen cells from Lou rats immunized with mouse spleen cell plasma membrane or cells. The antibodies identify nonoverlapping populations of surface Ig‐positive cells in the spleen and a large (95%) proportion of bone marrow cells. Both recognize differentiation antigens in that the surface representation of the markers changes during the development of the cell. The NIM‐R3 specificity does not appear until three weeks of age in both the spleen and bone marrow and may be on a more mature set of cells. In contrast, the NIM‐R2 antibody, which stains the pre‐B cell line 70Z/3 and binds to neonatal cells, may recognize pre‐B cells in the bone marrow.There was no Clear‐cut correlation between the presence or absence of surface IgM, surface IgD or complement receptors on B cells positive or negative for either NIM‐R2 or NIM‐R3. Most interesting was the finding of identical total surface Ig densities on cells which stained weakly or strongly with NIM‐R2, since these two B cell sub‐populations are shown to be enriched for memory and virgin B cells, respectively. To bias the production of monoclonal antibodies to distinct populations of cells, the immunogen for the NIM‐R3 fusion was depleted of cells strongly reactive with NIM‐R2. This method is of general applicability in the production of monoclonal antibodies to compl

ISSN:0014-2980    

DOI:10.1002/eji.1830120906

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe differential reactivity of virgin and memory B cells with a monoclonal rat antibody (NIM‐R2) has been established by inhibition experiments and cell separations using the fluorescence‐activated cell sorter. B cells which stained strongly with NIM‐R2 gave excellent primary responsesin vitrobut were unable to transfer substantial memory responses, whereas the weakest staining B cells gave excellent secondary but poor primary responses. NIM‐R2 inhibited all primary responsesin vitrowhich were examined, but failed to affect secondary re

ISSN:0014-2980    

DOI:10.1002/eji.1830120907

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMonoclonal antibodies (mAb) derived from BALB/c mice immunized with human anti‐HLA‐A2 cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were screened for their ability to block, in the absence of complement, the cytolytic activity of the immunizing CTL clone. Eight cytolysis‐inhibiting mAb have been derived. One of these was directed against a monomorphic determinant expressed on HLA‐class I molecules and thus probably inhibited cytolysis via a target cell antigen‐masking effect. The 7 other mAb recognized “CTL function‐associated structures” and did not have to interfere with target cell antigens in order to inhibit cytolysis. F(ab')2and Fab fragments of these 7 mAb were also inhibitory. Competitive inhibition of binding and preliminary biochemical analysis suggested that these 7 mAb defined on cloned CTL various epitopes of a structure of 30 kDa disulfide‐bonded into several multimeric forms when analyzed without reduction. The inhibitory effect of these 7 mAb has been investigated on a series of short‐term (1 month) and long‐term (>10 months) expanded cloned CTL lines derivedin vitrofrom anin vivoallosensitized individual exhibiting various specificities. Unexpectedly, only 10% of these CTL clones were inhibited. Flow cytofluorimetric analysis further revealed that noninhibited and inhibited CTL clones expressed similar amounts of the 30‐kDa structure. Consequently, the inhibition of CTL was heterogeneous when analyzed at the clonal level and not simply related to the presence or absence of this structure. Furthermore, the ability of CTL clones to be inhibited appeared to be unrelated to their HLA‐A, B or C specificity or to their lytic activity. The connections between this mAb‐defined structure and

ISSN:0014-2980    

DOI:10.1002/eji.1830120908

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis report addresses itself to two fundamental questions: the generation of immunologic specificity, and the regulation of cellular growth. The classical clonal selection theory and later schemes involving lymphocyte networks or “circuits” postulate sets of specific “recognition” events which directly determine the nature of the immune response. An alternative principle is offered to apply to the analysis of immune phenomena: namely, that of a Darwinian dynamic selection among lymphocyte populations differing in their relative “fitness”. Incremental selection pressure upon a diverse population is, in theory, capable of producing a precisely specific outcome, and this can account for the fine specificity of the immune response.The immune system is described in terms of “horizontal” networks. A network consists of lymphocyte clones regulated by feedback mechanisms which manifest cross‐reactivity, resulting in competition and selection. The relative “fitness” of clones within a network depends primarily on their growth capacities, as assessed by the “balance of growth” hypothesis: accordingly, the number of divisions of an antigen‐responsive lymphocyte and the probability of maturation depend on regulatory factors. In particular, (a) activated, but not “resting” cells, can be further induced to mature or regenerate the relative probability of maturation increases with antigen dose and with affinity (avidity); (c) thein vivoinduction of “terminal differentiation” of both B and T cells is antagonistic to clonal expansion; and (d) both activation and maturation are threshold‐dependent in terms of antigen dose and avidity, the threshold for maturation being generally higher. The hypothesis implies that proliferation can be uncoupled from differentiation under certain predictable conditions. Moreover, clones that proliferate for prolonged periods of time without significant maturation into effector cells may reach prominence. This mode of “latent proliferation” plays a major role in the selection and expression of the immune repertoire: those T or B cells are selected that react “proliferatively” with certain classes of self antigens and this constraint ensures tolerance to self. Major histocompatibility complex restriction and alloreactivity follow essentially as expressions of heteroclicity in this selection. Proliferative, latent reactions can mediate generation and maintenance of memory and tolerance and determine the ratio of helper to suppressor cells. The proposed scheme is amenable to testing and has m

ISSN:0014-2980    

DOI:10.1002/eji.1830120909

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAffinity‐purified antibodies to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ofTorpedo marmoratawere fractionated into two populations using a covalently cross‐linked receptor‐toxin immunosorbent lacking free toxin‐binding sites.The population of antibodies which bound to and were subsequently eluted from this resin, and which cannot possibly contain antibodies directed to the toxin‐binding site itself, was effective in inhibiting the binding of toxin to receptor in solution. This unequivocally demonstrates that inhibition of toxin binding can be mediated by antibodies which are not directed against the toxin‐binding site. A second minor population of antibodies which did not bind to the affinity resin but which did inhibit the binding of toxin to receptor in solution was detected.Two subpopulations of toxin‐binding inhibitory antibodies can therefore be distinguished. A clear differentiation should be made in future work describing “anti‐toxin site” antibodies between antibodies directly binding to the toxin‐binding site and the pseudo‐anti‐toxin‐binding site antibodi

ISSN:0014-2980    

DOI:10.1002/eji.1830120910

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractImmunization of NZB and A/J mice against an anti‐DNA hybridoma antibody (F227) derived from (NZB x NZW)F1(B/W) mice allowed the preparation of two anti‐idiotype antisera. These two reagents were shown to recognize different idiotopes of the F227 monoclonal antibody. NZB anti‐idiotypic antibodies recognized non‐ligand‐modifiable idiotypic determinants. These idiotopes were private or present at undetectable level in BW mouse sera since it was found that only two of the 24 B/W mouse sera tested were recognized by these antibodies. Conversely, A/J anti‐idiotypic antibodies recognized partially ligand‐modifiable idiotopes which were found in all B/W mouse sera tested. These results demonstrate that anti‐DNA antibodies share similar idiotypic specificities and suggest that these autoantibodies occur as families of structurally r

ISSN:0014-2980    

DOI:10.1002/eji.1830120911

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY