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ANALYST MARCH 1984 VOL. 109 407 BOOK REVIEWS The Interpretation of Analytical Chemical Data by the Use of Cluster Analysis D. Luc Massart and Leonard Kaufman. ChemicalAnalysis. A Series of Monographs on Analytical Chemistry and its Application Volume 65. 1983. Price €42.75. ISBN 0 471 07861 1 The need to interpret analytical data in fresh ways is becoming increasingly obvious. Modern analytical techniques produce, for a given sample much more data than in the past more rapidly and as output from a digital computer. One of the methods of data analysis that is attracting attention is pattern recognition analysis which seeks multivariate associations in, or patterns within the data. There are several divisions each containing a variety of methods so that the newcomer to the field is overwhelmed either by the mathematical aspects or by the bewildering number of options that are before him.This book brings a very welcome clarification. It deals with cluster analysis which is that part of pattern recognition analysis that seeks to classify raw data without a prior assumption of the number of classes (it is also known as unsupervised learning techniques). By restricting it to these limits the authors have been able to explain the principles of the method in depth and have included a very helpful section on the practical aspects of the matter. Their plan is to discuss the principles in qualitative terms and then with mathematical rigour but it can be read by those whose maths education stopped some while ago. The book can be unreservedly recommended to all of those chemists who want to know what cluster analysis is all about and how to do it.It is to be regretted that the structure does not permit consideration of supervised learning methods of classification but it is to be hoped that a follow up book is in preparation. The only irritation detected by this reviewer was one of editing; SIMCA mention in many places in the text described for one and a half pages and credited with being a major method of pattern recognition analysis does not appear in the index. D. Betteridge GC/LC Instruments Derivatives in Identifying Pollutants and Unknowns Raymond C. Crippen. Pp. xxx + 421. Pergamon Press. 1983. Price $75. ISBN 0 08 027185 5 The slightly unusual title covers a slightly unusual book.It comprises fourteen chapters and commences with a general discussion on the isolation of unknowns or pollutants. This is followed by a chapter on the preparation of derivatives of unknowns and pollutants; the succeeding nine chapters deal with the preparation of derivatives of particular groups of compounds. There is then a chapter about auxiliary identifica-tion techniques which includes the various spectrophoto-metric instrumentation and thermometric and electrometric methods. Information is provided on procedures for collection and purification and mention is made of automation of gas and liquid chromatographs with computers. A penultimate chapter is concerned with the utilisation of @C/LC data in physico-chemical measurements and the text is completed with a chapter about recent developments in the identification of unknowns and pollutants.The text proper is preceded by a list of illustrations which the reviewer considered to be helpful. The chapter notes (references) are also extensive and are grouped at the end of the volume. An author index is provided and a fairly good subject index which commences with a list of the abbrevia-tions used. The book contains a great deal of information that many users of chromatographic techniques will find familiar in the present volume the intention is to relate this body of knowledge particularly to the indentification of “pollutants and unknowns.’’ Unfortunately the approach falls some-where between that of the elementary textbook and the general vade mecum and although many useful data are presented in convenient form the banal and repetitive nature of the connecting text sometimes impairs appreciation.As an example Chapter 2 opens with the observation “Derivatives should not be prepared until some idea of the functional groups present is determined. ” Disregarding the doubtful sequence of tenses there must surely be better ways in which this subject could be introduced for the more experienced reader. If subsequent editions should be required a rather more rigorous editorial approach to the connecting text would be beneficial. The book has been printed from typescripts which are clear, although corrections of errors can sometimes be seen. It is a volume of many facts and should be helpful to the student and also for reference for the experienced worker in the fields mentioned.D. Simpson Chromatography in Organic Microanalysis. A Laboratory Guide Raphael Ikan. Pp. 108. Academic Press. 1983. Price $22.50. ISBN 0 12 370580 0 This book contains only five chapters in slightly over 100 pages but what there is of it is good. The text is in clear English and arranged in a convenient form. The first chapter covers various microsyntheses on thin layers of silica gel, followed by separation of isomers and other complexes. The remaining chapters cover reaction chromatography the deter-mination of food constituents by chromatographic techniques and forensic analysis. There are references at the end of each chapter (36 in all) together with a short bibliography of recommended reading.The microsynthesis reactions included are those involving elimination of water acylations oxidations reductions, nitration and azo coupling. The isomer separations include polyunsaturated fatty acids cis trans-azobenzene polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons carbohydrates and optical enantio-mers of amino acids. The food constituents dealt with include sugars synthetic sweeteners an adulterant in honey theobromine and caf-feine pepper tocopherols food preservatives vitamins, antioxidants dyes carotenes cholesterol and aflatoxins. The examples of forensic analysis are examination of ink for ball-point pens some alkaloids identification of residues after explosion and uses of ninhydrin as a spray reagent for the detection of some basic drugs.In the work described thin-layer gas - liquid and high-performance liquid chromatographic techniques are all used, and experimental details are given. The resulting volume is a handy manual that can be recommended to libraries students and experienced chroma-tographers. D. Simpso 408 ANALYST MARCH 1984 VOL. 109 Ions and Molecules in Solution Edited by N. Tanaka H. Ohtaki and R. Tamamushi. Studies in Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Volume 27. Pp. viii + 470. Elsevier. 1983. ISBN 0 444 42208 0 (Volume 27); 0 444 41699 4 (Series). This volume contains most of the session lectures and lectures delivered at microsymposia of the “VI International Sympo-sium on Solute - Solute - Solvent Interactions” held at Minoo Osaka Prefecture Japan in July 1982.The plenary lectures are excluded having been published in Pure and Applied Chemistry 1982 54 No. 8. The material is divided into four sections (i) Theoretical Treatments of Solute - Solvent Interactions; (ii) Thermody-namic and Structural Properties of Solutions; (iii) Equilibria and Kinetics in Solution; and (iv) Interactions between Water and Biological Molecules. The only material of direct interest to analytical chemists is papers in Section (iii) on “Analytical Chemical Aspects of Solution Chemistry,” one of the confer-ence’s seven themes “The Activity Concept in Analytical Chemistry” (R. G. Bates); “Some Applications of Macro-cyclic Polyethers in Analytical Chemistry; Extraction Pho-tometry of Alkali Metal Ions (K. Ueno and M. Takagi); and “Ionic Interaction and Phase Stability Enthalpy - Entropy Linear Compensation and the Application of Solvophobic Theory” (S.S. Davis and E. Tomlinson). The paper “Effects of Nonaqueous Solvents on the Electronic Structure of Mixed Copper(I1) Chelates” (K. Sone and Y. Fukuda) is of interest and potential importance as the compounds studied may be useful alternatives to the difficult to prepare Dimroth -Reichardt compounds for the measurement of solvent polarity via solvatachromic spectral shifts. Overall this is a scholarly volume. Amazingly it has no index which makes it difficult to locate quickly all mention of themes such as concepts and measures of solvent polarity. D. Thorburn Burns Treatise on Analytical Chemistry. Second Edition. Part 1.Theory and Practice. Volume 3. Section D. Solution Equilibria and Chemistry (Continued). Edited by I. M. Kolthoff and P. J. Elving. Pp. xxiv + 592. Wiley-lnterscience. 1983. Price f66.50. ISBN 0 471 49969 2 This volume must be viewed in the context of the broad aim and plan of the series. The Treatise was not designed as an extensive textbook nor was it intended to take the place of monographs on specific subjects but to serve as a thorough introduction to the methods of analytical chemistry and also to provide the background for the detailed evaluation of topics and the efficient use of the literature including specialised monographs. Section D of Volume 3 deals with six topics to complete the revised account of Solution Equilibria and Chemistry. “Oxidation - Reduction Equilibria and Titration Curves” (88 pp.368 references) by J. A. Goldman is a well balanced overview of experimental and theoretical aspects of titration curves including non-ideal conditions titration errors and end-point detection. A. M. Schwartz and P. J. Elving discuss selected fundamental aspects of “Surface Chemistry Utiliza-tion in Analysis” (67 pp. 83 references); these include surface thermodynamics capillarity adsorption electrical effects at interfaces lyophilic and lyophobic colloids and foams. The physical chemical and molecular aspects of the solubility of gases liquids amorphous polymers biological compounds, solids and salts are interestingly detailed by E. S. Amis (117 pp. 287 references). The coherent scholarly review of “Precipitates Formation Coprecipitation and Ageing” by A.E. Nielsen (79 pp. 45 references) fills a gap in the modern literature of what is falsely regarded by many as an old fashioned classical topic. The related topic “Precipitation Equilibria and Titrations in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Media” by J. F. Coetzee (45 pp. 65 references) includes a discussion of deviations between theoretical and experimental titration curves detection of equivalence point and the role of the solvent. The final chapters deal with selected aspects of reagent and reaction chemistry. H. Freiser on “Reactive Groups as Reagents Introduction and Inorganic Applications” (1 11 pp., 336 references) gives a good introduction to the principal uses of analytical reagents and classes of chelating ligands via the functional group approach.The “Organic Applications” of the same topic reactive groups as reagents are considered by J. G. Hanna (62 pp. 255 references). A useful survey is presented of redox addition condensation and substitution reagents. The high standards of production and scholarship of the First Edition are maintained. This volume as the others in the series is an important source book for postgraduate course material both for students and academic staff. It is a pity the price inhibits personal purchases of such long-term useful volumes. The Treatise is essential for every third-level institution library and indeed every respectable departmental library. D. Thorburn Burns The Analysis of Gases by Chromatography C. J. Cowper and A.J. DeRose. Pergamon Series in Analytical Chemistry Volume 7. Pp. xii + 147. Pergamon Press. 1983. Price f14; $25. ISBN 0 08 024027 5. Gas analysis is an ever important subject for which the technique of gas chromatography has obvious attractions. Such applications were described several years ago by Jeffery and Kipping in their valuable book “Gas Analysis by Gas Chromatography. ” In the present volume the authors aim to bring practition-ers of gas analysis up to date with modern techniques which include multi-column and valve-switching systems. These topics are described in Chapter 5 which follows the “usual” chapters on equipment columns and carrier gases. Applications are described in Chapter 6 and not surpris-ingly as the authors are from the British Gas Corporation are concerned primarily with fuel gases and related mixtures and components.A few chromatograms are shown to illustrate separations achieved by various techniques but unfortunately are not accompanied by enough details on instrumental conditions. Such information would surely be valuable to fulfil the aim of the book in enabling workers to select equipment and analyse complex mixtures. The remaining chapters concern gases in liquids quantifica-tion standards preparation and sampling. Certainly the last two chapters seem inadequate in view of the importance of calibration and sampling to analysis. For example no mention is made of adsorptive trapping and desorption techniques which despite their problems are widely used. Overall this is a book likely to appeal to those seeking to obtain an introduction to gas analysis by chromatography rather than the specialist seeking further information.R. S. Barrat ANALYST MARCH 1984 VOL. 109 409 Calculations in Advanced Physical Chemistry. Third Edition. P. J. F. Griffiths and J. D. R. Thomas. Pp. viii + 303. Edward Arnold. 1983. Price €8.95. ISBN 0 7131 3483 6. Previous editions of this book of physical chemistry problems have proved invaluable to both staff and students involved in physical chemistry courses at university or equivalent level. This Third Edition contains a larger number and wider range of questions including for the first time a number on statistical thermodynamics. At the beginning of each chapter is a set of worked examples.These are followed by additional problems drawn from examination papers to which answers are given at the end of the book. In this revised edition the nomenclature has been moderni-sed and the units are largely but not exclusively SI. Occasion-ally this revision has not been as thorough as it might have been. Thus in Example 9.5 pressures still have non-pressure units of kg cm-2. Such errors however are few. The book is open to one other criticism. Although the authors in the Preface mention that pocket calculators are now generally available in modernising the book they have not really taken this into account. Calculators permit values of natural logarithms to be obtained directly yet the authors throughout still assume natural logarithms can best be obtained from logarithms to base 10 by introduction of the factor 2.303.This factor and its introduction are unnecessary complications in many of the worked examples. Only in a few special areas such as calculations involving pH is there any longer a need to use logarithms to base 10 which if required, can be obtained from a pocket calculator. So the tables of logarithms to base 10 and antilogarithms that appear at the back of the book are superfluous. These criticisms however do not affect the merit andvalue of this book. Physical chemical principles underpin most analytical methods. Hence it is desirable that analysts have a working knowledge of basic physical chemistry. Anyone who makes use of this book and works through the problems it contains will be greatly helped to acquire such knowledge.A . N. Strachan Analytical Aspects of Environmental Chemistry. Edited by David F. S. Natusch and Philip K. Hopke. Chemical Analysis Volume 64. Pp. xii + 267. Wiley-Interscience. 1983. Price €35.50. ISBN 0 471 04324 9. The aspects referred to in the title are Chemical Speciation (60 pp.) Capillary Gas Chromatography (52 pp.) Gas Chromat-ography/Mass Spectrometry (24 pp.) Surface Analysis Tech-niques (54 pp.) ESCA (28 pp.) and Multivariate Analysis (44 pp.). Each of these chapters is written by an author or authors at a number of North American Universities and thus all examples of applications to real environmental samples reflect their geographical origins. The book is written for environ-mental specialists and most chapters are state-of-the-art reviews rather than introductions to the various techniques.This together with the rather fragmented set of topics themselves makes the book unsuitable for student use except at the postgraduate level. Students on an MSc course in environmental analysis (if such a thing exists) would find the book useful. On the whole the chapters are free from errors (apart from a number of easily recognised printer’s errors) and omissions and are well referenced providing a useful starting point for someone wishing to find out more about a particular topic. The book is not really aimed at analytical chemists as very early in the book it is made apparent that spending time devising analytical methods for new environmental problems is “not very pleasant” and “particularly upsetting” and the terminology used assumes at least some knowledge of environmental science.On the whole the style is as lively as one comes to expect from a text of this sort and occasionally the jargon becomes intrusive; for example “The accelerated exposure to toxic trace elements is the direct consequence of their increased mobilization in the biosphere resulting from raw materials acquisition and the energy consumption to sustain advanced technologies. The sudden nature of the mobilization is of ecological significance in that organisms do not have the benefit of evolutionary mechanisms to provide effective homeostatic defences against these xenobiotic materials. ” The final chapter provides a useful starting point for anyone not just environmental scientists contemplating the use of multivariate analysis and although the necessary statistical background is taken at a brisk pace a “worked example” based on literature data is given in some detail.On the whole not the sort of book every malytical chemist should have on his or her desk but your library should have a COPY * J . F. Tyson Tables of Spectral Data for Structure Determination of Organic Compounds. Chemical Laboratory Practice E. Pretsch T. Clerc J. Seibl and W. Simon (translated from German by K. Biemann). Pp. ix + 316. Springer-Verlag. 1983. Price DM32; $12.70. ISBN 3 540 12406 3; 0 387 12406 3. A proper understanding of the interpretation and of the relative merits of carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) proton NMR mass infrared absorption and ultra-violet absorption spectra is an essential requisite for structural studies on new organic compounds.The five spectroscopic techniques provide different but complementary analytical information which must be assessed impartially and con-sidered jointly before a verdict can be reached on the composition of an organic compound. Such assessments are helped by this English translation of the Second Edition (1981) of a successful German compen-dium of tables and charts correlating carbon-13 and proton NMR infrared ultraviolet - visible and mass spectral data with molecular structures. The compendium is based on compilations made by the Swiss authors when presenting spectroscopic courses to students at the Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich.The authors assume that the reader is familiar with the basic principles of and the experimental procedures for each technique and the tables, which supplement standard spectroscopic texts and reference works are set out with minimal editorial comment. An unusual feature of the book is that the pages are numbered in increments of five to “facilitate later additions,” and are letter coded “to aid rapid access to relevant data.” However there is no suggestion as to when or how “later additions” will be supplied; the letter-coded pagination is the same as that in the first German edition (1976). In the introductory section (coded KOMB) which was planned to assist tyros and to provide preliminary information on new compounds summaries of the characteristic NMR, mass infrared and ultraviolet spectral values for each struc-tural feature are grouped together on double pages.The remaining tables which are arranged conventionally permi 410 ANALYST MARCH 1984 VOL. 109 detailed checks for a wide range of chemical features and can be used to predict spectral data for new structures. The mass spectrometry section contains mass correlation and isotope abundance tables and has suggestions for interpreting simple electron-impact spectra. Charts showing spectra of common solvents appear at the end of each section. Detailed literature references are not given but there is a short bibliography of books for further reading. Chemical shift values for NMR spectra are quoted for solutions in deuteriochloroform or carbon tetrachloride, whereas the infrared measurements refer to solutions in chloroform or carbon disulphide.Solvent effects which are often of major importance in NMR and infrared studies are not discussed. The volume contains a remarkable amount of tabulated information but it is of limited value to chemists concerned with steroids sugars p-lactam antibiotics ad other compounds where small spectral differences may be associated with large structural changes; for these compounds, reference must be made to specialised monographs. The compendium which has a soft cover and was printed by photographic reproduction of typescript is reasonably up to date; thus tables containing carbon-13 NMR data the latest technique to be accepted for routine structural studies and now becoming the most important are given priority.The volume should find a place as a first reference work alongside spectrometers on open access in analytical laboratories. J . E. Page Drogenanalyse. Dunnschichtchromatographische Ana-lyse von Arzneidrogen H. Wagner S. Bladt and E. M. Zgainski. Pp. xiv + 321. Springer-Verlag. 1983. Price DM148; $63.80. ISBN 3 540 11867 5. The essential feature of this book is the presentation of an atlas of 165 colour photographs showing the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of around 100 vegetable drugs spices and dyestuffs. The book is divided into 13 major sections each dealing with a class of natural product e.g. volatile oils and resins alkaloids phenolic and anthracene glycosides cou-marins cardiac glycosides.Except for the narcotics section, which deals solely with cannabis each part contains a set of monographs showing the solvent system fluorescence charac-teristics colour reaction with a variety of spray reagents and R values of the individual components and reference com-pounds. Each monograph has a facing colour plate. In addition each section is prefaced by a table of chemical structures of representative members together with experi-mental details for the extraction of the plant material and the preparation of reference solutions. Further tables show the proportion of major constituents in each drug. Later sections deal with the TLC of an unknown drug and with the analysis of mixtures. Using two solvent systems and a range of detection reagents a test extract can be allocated to one of the major groups; subsequent identification can then be achieved by reference to the respective monograph.Documentation in TLC so often involves either simple descriptions or idealised diagrams. The authors’ objective was to produce a true record of the chromatograms using visible and UV fluorescence photography. In this respect the colour plates are excellent. A particular problem with the chromato-graphy of complex mixtures is the inherent variability in their composition. On the basis of their long experience in photographic documentation the authors claim to have chosen representative chromatograms. To a certain extent this book is designed as a supplement to those continental Pharmacopoeias in which TLC is used as a standard method of drug assay.Nevertheless this publication should prove useful to any analyst engaged in the extraction and quality control of herbal substances and provides a valuable work of reference for those already familiar with for example Egon Stahl’s handbook “Drug Analysis by Chro-matography and Microscopy” (1973). Although many poisonous and hallucinogenic plants and fungi are beyond the scope of a publication devoted to natural products of medicinal value their inclusion in an appendix would have made this book of much greater interest to clinical and forensic toxicologists. In view of the number of colour plates and the general high quality of this publication its high cost (12 pence per page) is probably not excessive.L. A . King Chemical Methods in Gas Chromatography V. G. Berezkin. Journal of Chromatography Library, Volume 24. Pp. x + 313. Elsevier. 1983. Price $73.25 (USA and Canada); Dfl190 (Rest of World). ISBN 0 44441951 9. In an introductory chapter the author explains something of the scope and intention of the present work quoting among other things the results of polling carried out to determine the frequency of use of various analytical techniques giving a comparison of analytical reaction gas chromatography with “classical” chromatography and examples of chromatograms derived. The text proper contains nine chapters and commences with the application of chemical methods to the pre-treatment of samples prior to chromatographic separation.The ensuing chapters are on kinetic methods; pyrolysis - gas chromato-graphy; determination of the carbon skeleton in organic compounds; subtraction method; chemically selective station-ary phases; reaction gas-chromatographic methods of elemen-tal analysis; reaction methods of trace analysis; and functional group analysis. Methods of derivatisation for the most part fairly well established are given in some detail pyrolysis - gas chrom-atography is introduced and discussed and among other topics the structure of polymers is investigated. The chapter on the subtraction method is of particular interest covering the removal from a mixture under analysis of one or more components and methods of elemental analysis involving reaction gas chromatography could also be of general interest.The text is lucid and somewhat wider in scope than the earlier volumes in this series on the subject of chemical derivatisation. It is an unusual book into which a great deal of work has gone. It provides a review of the techniques mentioned and contains a total of almost two thousand references (including some in the Introduction). The purchase of the volume by libraries as a book of reference could be recommended. D. Simpson A Guide to the Analysis of Hydrocarbons by Gas Chro-matography. Third Edition. Seaton T. Preston Jr. and Ronald E. Pankratz. Pp. vi + 344. PolyScience Corporation. 1983. ISBN 0 913106 21 6. There is not a lot to say about this publication. It is produced by PolyScience Corporation and is a soft-backed volume containing data probably exhaustive on the gas - liquid chromatography of hydrocarbons.There are general instructions covering nomenclature, liquid phase and solid support selection detector selection, some details of qualitative and quantitative determination ANALYST MARCH 1984 VOL. 109 41 1 and physical properties. These are followed by retention data, which represent a significant proportion of the book a liquid phase index to retention data and a bibliography said to include all references pertinent to the subject published prior to 1 March 1968 with selected papers up to and including 1981. To anyone involved much in the analysis of hydrocarbons using gas - liquid chromatography this would be a very useful reference volume. D. Simpson A Handbook of Inductively Coupled Plasma Spec-trometry M.Thompson and J. N. WaIsh. Pp. xx + 273. Blackie. 1983. Price f35. ISBN 0 412 00371 6. In choosing the title of handbook rather than textbook the authors immediately indicate the intended scope of their book and to a great extent they succeed in their objective. An early impression is that they are “bending over backwards” to be fair and they exhibit some neat footwork in side-stepping the more controversial areas. However they do not always succeed in being fair as for instance their comments on high power where they make no mention of torch size and do not indicate that this is crucial to the argument. Neither are they always accurate. It was not “suggested that differences in ICP discharges do not vary significantly at high or low frequencies, but depend more on the injector gas flow-rate,” it was said that “the size of the hole in the plasma did not depend on frequency but depended on the injector gas flow-rate,” a small but essential difference.Another statement with which statisticians might argue is that internal standards improve the precision of an analysis. They cannot improve precision although they may correct for drift and as a result improve accuracy. Many successful “retrofitters” would not agree that “retro-fitting is only for instrumental experts.” This is not a task for a technician but should not be beyond the capabilities of a graduate chemist. Some definitions are “woolly. ” Spectral interference chem-ical matrix effects ionisation effects and transport problems are well known and well used terms that most spectroscopists use and have used for a very long time.The lumping together of these terms into three categories is confusing. This reviewer also finds it amazing that in 1983 21 years after work first started on ICP - OES that the authors state that they “believe that ICP - OES will become a dominant force in elemental analysis comparable to AA.” How long does it take for a technique to be accepted? These and many other generalities in what might be described as the theoretical sections of the book detract from what might otherwise be said to be a sound authoritative account of ICP - OES. Where the authors become more sure-footed is in the practical analysis sections which are obviously written by practising analytical chemists-a skill which is not always a prerogative of academics.The remainder of the book “ICPs-Now and in the Future,” might be considered padding as might the chapter on safety (practically mandatory these days) but a tyro might be interested in reading it. All in all a book that can be recommended to those new to the field seeking to obtain an overview of the subject and who are not likely to notice the many over-simplifications which in themselves do not reduce the usefulness of the practical information contained in this reasonably priced handbook. S. Greenfield Introduction to Photoelectron Spectroscopy Pradip K. Ghosh. Chemical Analysis. A Series of Mono-graphs on Analytical Chemistry and Its Applications, Volume 67.Pp. xii + 377. Wiley-lnterscience. 1983. Price f52.25. ISBN 0 471 06427 0. Photoelectron spectroscopy has witnessed a meteoric rise in importance during the past decade from a rather esoteric academic pursuit to having widespread if specific uses in industry and research. It is the techniquepar excellence for the analysis of surfaces and not simply elemental analysis as shifts of characteristic peaks can be related to valency and a study of anisotropic photoelectron emission can be used to reveal the structure and composition of surface layers. An understanding of these and other chemical effects in photoelectron spectro-scopy has been facilitated by rapid advances in the theory of photoelectron emission itself and by the development of new theoretical models to rationalise the energies and relative intensities of photoelectrons emitted from molecules com-plexes alloys and other solids.Because of the wealth of original research material that has been produced there is a great need for a concise but thorough review of all aspects of photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray and UV induced experimental and theoretical as well as of practical applications. This is what Dr. Ghosh has succeeded in doing in this book. Whilst there is little that is new or original it provides an excellent review of previous work. Indeed it would be ideal for someone new to the field who seeks a clear exposition of the state of the art the achievements and limitations of the technique and its potential for the future. Dr.Ghosh’s style is clear and the development of his narrative is helped by his careful choice of significant examples. It should be stressed however that this book is not specifically oriented to the needs or interests of analysts. There are sub-sections in some chapters such as “Applications to Analytical Chemistry” (2 pages) and “Analysis of Organic Polymers” (1 page) but these would appear to have been introduced as a sop to explain the book’s presence in a “Chemical Analysis” series rather than seriously to alter the main aim which is to be “an introduction to the principles and scope of applications of PES.” The book achieves its aim and can be warmly recommended as an introduction to all aspects of photoelectron spectroscopy. D. S. Urch Electrophoretic Techniques Edited by Colin F.Simpson and Mary Whittaker. Pp. x + 280. Academic Press. 1983. Price €26; $44. ISBN 0 12 644480 3. In recent years there has been increasing interest in electro-phoretic techniques and in their application to the separation of biological substances particularly proteins. Papers on the subject and textbooks too seem to be multiplying in an exponential manner. This publication is a welcome addition to this list as it presents the reader with up-to-date reviews of the major developments that have taken place within the past 5 years and also includes some new techniques that have hardly been more than demonstrated. The book contains 11 chapters the first being an historical review of electrophoresis by Rilbe. The chapter is largely theoretical but it includes practical details of the early electrophoretic equipment the most notable being that of Tiselius and it leads on from there to developments in zone electrophoresis.My only regret is that the review appears to stop short at the end of the 1960s a small point maybe as th 412 ANALYST MARCH 1984 VOL. 109 later developments are amply covered in the chapters that follow. Chapter 2 on electrophoretic methods for characterisation of proteins by the Editors themselves gives detailed atten-tion to two-dimensional separations with respect to both technique and application. It includes some very new work by Righetti on the determination of titration curves by IEF. Chapter 3 by Fawcett on recent developments in isoelectric focusing gives useful practical tips €or optimising both the separation and the subsequent staining of proteins although there is some overlap with the previous chapter.Alternative supports to polyacrylamide are discussed in Chapter 4 (cellulose acetate and agarose) and in Chapter 5 the practical aspects of ultra-thin-layer isoelectric focusing on agarose and polyacrylamide are described in detail. Chapter 6 on gel immunoelectrophoresis is presented as a practical guideline to the latest procedures and is supplemented by suitable references for further reading. Isotachophoresis is given perhaps a surprising amount of space (81 pages) considering that it is still a relatively slightly used technique and not particularly new. Chapter 7 covers the analytical aspects both theoretical and practical and applications of isotachophoresis to preparative separations are described in Chapter 8.Preparative displacement electrophoresis (Chapter 9) is presented by Hampson as one solution to the problem of heat removal in scaled up systems. These and the subsequent chapters on preparative isoelectric focusing (Chapter 10) and free-flow electrophoresis (Chapter 11) offer potential solu-tions to this major problem. Overall the book is a well balanced blend of theory and practice and although there is some overlap between some chapters this is no bad thing as each one is essentially self-contained and covers one particular aspect of electro-phoresis. It is a useful practical guide to IEF and gel immunoelectrophoresis as well as being an up-to-date review of the state of the art across the diverse field of electrophoretic techniques currently being investigated.I . M . Mackie Evaluation of Analytical Methods in Biological Systems-Part A. Analysis of Biogenic Amines Edited by Glen 8. Baker and Ronald T. Coutts. Techniques and lnstrumentation in Analytical Chemistry Volume 4. Pp. xvi + 308. Elsevier. 1982. Price $76.75; Dfl165; f35. ISBN 0 444 421 10 6 (Volume 4); 0 444 417443 3 (Series). This book represents Volume 4 of a series on techniques and instrumentation in analytical chemistry and is the first concerned with the evaluation of analytical methods in biological systems. The intention of the series is to provide a problem-orientated forum for critical and comprehensive discussion of the approaches available for solving the problem in question. In this book on biogenic amines the Editors and authors have I believe succeeded admirably. The 13 chapters range in subject matter from biological assays fluorescence techniques histochemical assays and electrochemical approaches through chromatographic (TLC, HPLC GC) and mass spectrometric (GC - MS SIM quanti-tative high-resolution MS) methods to radioenzymatic radio-receptor and radioimmuno assays. As with any multi-author volume there is some overlap between specific chapters but this has been kept to a minimum and critical comparisons with other approaches are made in most chapters. The references are generally comprehensive and current (up to 1981 in some chapters) and the book is a highly readable and practical text with a useful subject index. There are inevitably some areas for criticism but these are relatively minor and overall the presentation is good includ-ing figures and tables although the typescript used in some chapters is very small and not easy to read. This book is recommended and should find a place not only in the libraries of institutions concerned with this subject but also as a bench book in the laboratories involved in analysis and research on biogenic amines although regretfully the price may take it out of reach of most individual workers’ personal resources. R. A . Chalmer

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9840900407

出版商:RSC    

年代:1984

数据来源: RSC