ISSN:1051-0761    

DOI:10.2307/2269368

出版商:Ecological Society of America    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We describe broadly applicable principles for the conservation of wild living resources and mechanisms for their implementation. These principles were engendered from three starting points. First, a set of principles for the conservation of wild living resources (Holt and Talbot 1978) required reexamination and updating. Second, those principles lacked mechanisms for implementation and consequently were not as effective as they might have been. Third, all conservation problems have scientific, economic, and social aspects, and although the mix may vary from problem to problem, all three aspects must be included in problem solving. We illustrate the derivation of, and amplify the meaning of, the principles, and discuss mechanisms for their implementation. The principles are: Principle I. Maintenance of healthy populations of wild living resources in perpetuity is inconsistent with unlimited growth of human consumption of and demand for those resources. Principle II. The goal of conservation should be to secure present and future options by maintaining biological diversity at genetic, species, population, and ecosystem levels; as a general rule neither the resource nor other components of the ecosystem should be perturbed beyond natural boundaries of variation. Principle III. Assessment of the possible ecological and sociological effects of resource use should precede both proposed use and proposed restriction or expansion of ongoing use of a resource. Principle IV. Regulation of the use of living resources must be based on understanding the structure and dynamics of the ecosystem of which the resource is a part and must take into account the ecological and sociological influences that directly and indirectly affect resource use. Principle V. The full range of knowledge and skills from the natural and social sciences must be brought to bear on conservation problems. Principle VI. Effective conservation requires understanding and taking account of the motives, interests, and values of all users and stakeholders, but not by simply averaging their positions. Principle VII. Effective conservation requires communication that is interactive, reciprocal, and continuous. Mechanisms for implementation of the principles are discussed.

ISSN:1051-0761    

DOI:10.2307/2269369

出版商:Ecological Society of America    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1051-0761    

DOI:10.2307/2269370

出版商:Ecological Society of America    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1051-0761    

DOI:10.2307/2269371

出版商:Ecological Society of America    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1051-0761    

DOI:10.2307/2269372

出版商:Ecological Society of America    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1051-0761    

DOI:10.2307/2269373

出版商:Ecological Society of America    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1051-0761    

DOI:10.2307/2269374

出版商:Ecological Society of America    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1051-0761    

DOI:10.2307/2269375

出版商:Ecological Society of America    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1051-0761    

DOI:10.2307/2269376

出版商:Ecological Society of America    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Episodic Response Project (ERP) was an interdisciplinary study designed to address uncertainties about the occurrence, nature, and biological effects of episodic acidification of streams in the northeastern United States. The ERP research consisted of intensive studies of the chemistry and biological effects of episodes in 13 streams draining forested watersheds in the three study regions: the Northern Appalachian region of Pennsylvania and the Catskill and Adirondack Mountains of New York. Wet deposition was measured in each of the three study regions. Using automated instruments and samplers, discharge and chemistry of each stream was monitored intensively from fall 1988 through spring 1990. Biological studies focused on brook trout and native forage fish. Experimental approaches included in situ bioassays, radio transmitter studies of fish movement, and fish population studies. This paper provides an overview of the ERP, describes the methodology used in hydrologic and water chemistry components of the study, and summarizes the characteristics of the study sites, including the climatic and deposition conditions during the ERP and the general chemical characteristics of the study streams.

ISSN:1051-0761    

DOI:10.2307/2269377

出版商:Ecological Society of America    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY